Validity Reliability REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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2.5 A Case Study

Hasan 2002:15 says, “A case study is a research on the status of the study subjects related to a specific phase or typical of the whole personality. ” It means that case study aims to describe the subject which is examined as a case. Case study focuses on one particular subject as a case to be studied deeply to answer the reality of phenomenon. In this case the subject can be individuals, groups, organizations and communities. Case study concern on certain cases specifically such as certain phenomena in a certain place and a certain time. The advantage of the case studies can be used as a reference to develop investigation of subject’s background, emphasizing the studied approach in understanding the subjects or can be useful to solve problems or it could be used to define the kind of difficulties or problems of subjects. 32

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

In this thesis, two methods of research that consist of descriptive qualitative and quantitative is applied. Calderon and Gonzales 2007:61 states, “Descriptive research describes and interprets what is. It is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist; practices that prevail; beliefs; processes that are going on; effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. The process of descriptive research goes beyond mere gathering and tabulation of data. It involves the elements or interpretation of the meaning or significance of what is described. Thus description is often combined with comparison and contrast involving measurements, classifications, interpretation and evaluation.” Douglas 2000:255 states, “There are numeruous statistical, quantitative techniques for analyzing the test performance of groups of test taker. Which ones are appropriate for any given test will be determined by whether it contains objectively scored tasks, such as multiple-choice, true-false, error-recognition, or subjectively scored tasks, as in writing and speaking tests. Typical techniques of quantitative analysis which might be employed include... a technique useful for matching the difficulty of multiple-choice items with varying ability levels among the test takers; standart distribution statistics, including the mean, standart deviation, and standars