factors which are involved in speaking. All of them are known as “SPEAKING” as an acronym for the various components of speech.
a. Situation
The situation consists of setting and scene S that describe the conversation which occurs. The setting refers to time and place or the concrete
physical circumstances in which a speech takes place. The scene refers to the abstract psychological setting or cultural definition of an occasion as formal or
informal, serious or festive.
b. Participants
Participants P are persons or individuals involving in a speech event. The participants consist of speaker-listener, addresser-addressee, or sender-receiver.
Speaker, addresser, and sender mean the person who delivers a message. Meanwhile, listener, addressee, and receiver mean the person to whom the
message is delivered.
c. Ends
Ends E mean the purpose of an event. It can be divided into outcomes the purpose from the event from socialcultural point of view and goals the
purpose of the individual participant. Outcomes that enter into the definition of speech event can be described as the purpose of speech based on the cultural point
of view, e.g. trade, marriage contract, interview, etc. The goal of a speech is a purpose of each participant during communication.
d. Act Sequence
Act Sequence A consists of a message form how something is said and
message content what is said. Both message form and message content involve communicative skills that vary from one culture to another. According to Hymes,
this is one aspect of speaking in which linguists have long shown an interest.
e. Key
Key K refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a speech is conveyed, whether it is mock or serious, perfunctory or painstaking. In addition, key also
refers to the feeling, atmosphere, and attitude.
f. Instrumentalities
Instrumentalities I refers to the choice of channel. Hymes describes channel as the way in which a message travels from one person to another. The
most commonly the uses of channels are oral and written, but message can also be transmitted by such mean of telegraph, smoke signals, semaphore, etc. Whereas,
form of speech according to Hymes, deals with language and their subdivisions such as dialects, codes, varieties, register.
g. Norms
