23
7 Obvious error
A character in a situation does not manage to resolve something very obviously.
8 Exaggeration
An element of one script is exaggerated in order to create humorous effects.
9 Roles
There are three possibilities in this category. Firstly, the roles of a character are replaced from the script normally in question. The next possibility is the
mirrored role, that is, similar roles in the two scripts are mirrored. The last one is the recursive roles, which filling up the similar roles in the two scripts so that the
target of one script becomes the agent of the other.
10 Negation
One of the two scripts is negated.
f. Script Opposition SO
The Script Opposition SO, is essentially the overlapping and opposition of two scripts. According to Attardo 1994, as discussed earlier in this chapter,
scripts are cognitive frameworks to organize information of the world. The scripts hold information of how things normally work, the conditions to conduct
activities, or where to do the activities . For instance, the script “Student” contains
information of what a student normally does, where a student belongs to, how to become a student, and other information. The
script “Student” may have other related scripts, such as “School”, “Classroom”, or “Study”.
24 According to the Attardo’s GTVH, any verbal humor can be represented as
a synthesis of the six parameters. The KR’s six factors are arranged hierarchically
as in this organization:
Script Opposition SO ↓
Logical Mechanism LM ↓
Situation SI ↓
Target TA ↓
Narrative Strategy NS ↓
Language LA
The Knowledge Resources lower in the hierarchy are more concrete, while the higher part are more abstract. For that reason, the SO in a form of question,
e.g. YOUNG vs. OLD, limits the possible choices of TA. It also happens in the case of the LM of homonymy, which would have particular constraints in the LA.
Attardo 1994 puts out that the GTVH is partially designed for measuring similarity between jokes, or to relate it to this study, measuring the differences
between two jokes. Attardo 2002 claims that the theory can be applied to evaluate jokes in two different languages. He explains that in translating verbal
humor, the six KR’s six parameters should be preserved. But he argues that maintaining all the six factors could be impossible for some jokes, thus the
translation should be different on the lowest parameters level as far as possible based on the meaning considerations. A joke with different SO, which is the
highest factor of the KR, from the source text will be considered a different joke
25 or unsuccessfully translated for not preserving the scripts. Consequently,
maintaining the Script Opposition is a must for translating verbal humor.
B. Theoretical Framework
The theory of verbal humor is in use to determine the verbal humor included in the movie subtitle. The types of verbal humors are put in practice to analyze the
verbal humor classification in the
Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
subtitles, both English and Indonesian version. The theory of translation gives an
understanding of translating norm, which is translating the meaning aspect. The Hermeneutics theory gives the writer understanding of the semantics role in
translation. Attardo’s theory of GTVH was selected as a tool to measure the
verbal humor meaning difference of the source text and the target text. The verbal humor of both languages is compared using the parameters of Knowledge
Resources. The GTVH becomes a key to solve the second problem formulated in this study.
