The equivalence and the acceptability of irritation expression translation in the subtitle of the film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur.

THE EQUIVALENCE AND THE ACCEPTABILITY OF

IRRITATION EXPRESSION TRANSLATION IN THE SUBTITLE

OF THE FILM ICE AGE 3: DAWN OF THE DINOSAUR

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

MICHELLE APRIANA KURNIADI

Student Number: 084214039

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2012

THE EQUIVALENCE AND THE ACCEPTABILITY OF

IRRITATION EXPRESSION TRANSLATION IN THE SUBTITLE

OF THE FILM ICE AGE 3: DAWN OF THE DINOSAUR

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

MICHELLE APRIANA KURNIADI

Student Number: 084214039

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank God for all blessing and help before, during and after the process of writing this thesis.

Secondly, for the best of all, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. for guiding me in every step and process with unlimited patience and guidance from the beginning until I finish the thesis.

Thirdly, I would also thank Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A., my thesis co-advisor, for helping me by giving corrections and guidance in the process of writing this thesis.

Next, I would also thank my parents, my little brother, my lovely boyfriend Rony Wiryantha and his parents, for all of their prayers, love, support and encouragement so I can finish my thesis.

My thankfulness also goes to all respondents from Sanata Dharma University and Atmajaya University who have helped me by giving their time, knowledge and energy to answer my questionnaires and interviews.

And finally, I would like thank all of my friends in English Letters 2008 and outside Sanata Dharma University for the encouragement so I can finish this thesis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ………..………. i

APPROVAL PAGE ………... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE……… iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……… v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… vi

LIST OF TABLES ……….. viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……… ix

ABSTRACT ………... x

ABSTRAK ……… xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……….. 1

A. Background of the Study ………..……. 1

B. Problem Formulation ………. 5

C. Objectives of the Study ………. 5

D. Definition of Terms ………..…… 6

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW……… 8

A. Review of Related Studies ………... 8

B. Review of Related Theories ………. 9

1. Theory of Translation ……… 9

a. The Definition of Translation ………... 9

b. Film Translation ………... 11

c. Translation Equivalence ……… 12

d. Problems of Translation ……… 13

e. Translation Acceptability ……….. 14

2. Theory of Speech Act ……… 15

C. Theoretical Framework ……… 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……… 20

A. Object of the Study ………. 20

B. Approach of the Study ……… 20

C. Method of the Study ……… 21

1. Kinds of Data ……… 21

a. Objective Data ………. 21

2. Data Collection ………. 22

3. Data Analysis ……… 23

CHAPTER IV: METHODOLOGY ……… 27

A. Translation Equivalence ………. 28

1. Equivalent Translation ………. 28

2. Not Equivalent Translation ……….. 36

B. Translation Acceptability ……… 43

1. Acceptable Translation ………. 43

a. Acceptable without Visual Aspect ………... 43

b. Acceptable and Supported by Visual Aspect……… 48

2. Not Acceptable Translation ……….. 51

C. The Relation between the Equivalence and the Acceptability ….. 53

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION……….. 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……… 58

APPENDICES ……….. 60

Appendix 1: List of Subtitles and Their Translation………... 60

Appendix 2: The Result of Equivalence and Acceptability Analysis………. 63

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Example of the Questionnaires to Assess the Equivalence …………. 22

Table 2. Example of the Questionnaires to Assess the Acceptability ………... 23

Table 3. The Indicator of Equivalence ……….. 24

Table 4. The Indicator of Acceptability ………. 26

Table 5. The Number of Equivalent and Not Equivalent Subtitle………. 53

Table 6. The Number of Acceptable Subtitle ………. 54

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A : Acceptable Ang : Anger Ano : Annoyance E : Equivalent NA : Not Acceptable NE : Not Equivalent SL : Source Language ST : Source Text TL : Target Language TT : Target Text VA : Visual Aspect

ABSTRACT

MICHELLE APRIANA KURNIADI. The Equivalence and the Acceptability of Irritation Expression Translation in the Subtitle of the FilmIce Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. Yogyakarta: English Department, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2012.

This research focuses onexamining the equivalence and acceptability of a film subtitle. The film which is the object of this research is Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur.However, the data are not taken from the whole dialogue, but only the parts containing expressions of irritation including expression of anger and annoyance found in the film.

There are three problems discussed in this research. The first problem is the equivalence of the subtitle compared to the source language text (film dialogue). The second problem is the acceptability of the subtitle to the audience. The third problem is how the equivalence of the translation is related to the acceptability in this research. The empirical research is the method of this research. The empirical method is done by collecting the data of this research and giving some questionnaires to some respondents to support the researcher‟s analysis.

Based from the research done to the film Ice Age Dawn of the Dinosaur, there are 25 utterances of irritation found in the film. Expressions of irritation consist of 2 expressions: expressions of anger and expressions of annoyance. From the analysis of equivalence, there are 17 equivalent translations and 8 non-equivalent translations. Besides, based on the analysis of acceptability done to the subtitle, there are 12 expressions of irritation which are acceptable without the visual aspect of the film; 12 expressions of irritation which eventually become acceptable because supported by the visual aspect of the film; and 1 not-acceptable translation.Based from both findings of equivalence and acceptability, there are 3 conclusions of this research. The first conclusion is that the equivalence translation will produce acceptable translation. The second conclusion isthat the not-equivalence translation will produce non-acceptable translation if it is not supported by visual aspects of the film. The third conclusion is that the not-equivalence translation will produce acceptable translation if it is supported by visual aspects of the film.

ABSTRAK

MICHELLE APRIANA KURNIADI. The Equivalence and the Acceptability of Irritation Expression Translation in the Subtitle of the Film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma 2012.

Penelitian ini berfokus pada memeriksa kesepadanan dan keberterimaan sebuat subtitle film. Film yang menjadi obyek penelitian ini adalah Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. Tetapi, data yang menjadi obyek penelitian tidak diambil dari keseluruhan dialog, tapi hanya ekspresi kejengkelan yang meliputi ekspresi marah dan kejengkelan yang ditemukan didalam film tersebut.

Ada 3 masalah yang dibahas di penelitian ini. Masalah yang pertama adalah kesepandanan subtitle tersebut apabila dibandingkan dengan teks asli film tersebut. Masalah yang kedua adalah keberterimaan subtitle tersebut terhadap penonton. Dan masalah yang ketiga adalah bagaimana kesepadanan terjemahan tersebut berhubungan dengan keberterimaan di dalam peneitian ini.

Penelitian empiris adalah metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Metode penelitian empiris dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data penelitian dan memberikan beberapa kuesioner kepada beberapa responden untuk mendukung analisis peneliti.

Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap film Ice Age Dawn of the Dinosaur, terdapat 25 ucapan kejengkelan yang ditemukan di film. Ekspresi kejengkelan terdiri dari 2 ekspresi; ekpresi kemarahan dan ekspresi kejengkelan. Dari analisis kesepadanan, ada 17 terjemahan yang sepadan dan 8 terjemahan yang tidak sepadan. Selain itu, berdasarkan analisis keberterimaan yang dilakukan, ada 12 ucapan kejengkelan yang berterima tanpa dukungan aspek visual film; 12 ucapan yang menjadi berterima karena dukungan aspek visual film; dan 1 terjemahan yang tidak berterima. Berdasarkan temuan diatas tentang kesepadanan dan keberterimaan, ada tiga kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini. Kesimpulan pertama adalah terjemahan yang sepadan akan menghasilkan terjemahan yang berterima. Kesimpulan kedua adalah terjemahan yang tidak sepadan akan menghasilkan terjemahan yang tidak berterima apabila tidak didukung aspek visual. Dan kesimpulan terakhir adalah terjemahan yag tidak sepadan akan menghasilkan terjemahan yang berterima apabila didukung aspek visual dalam film tersebut.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Translation activity has been done since a long time ago. It was done in ancient time between communities which were engaged in an international trade. The communities were spread in different nations and continents with different language. Therefore, translation has been needed since that period of time until now to communicate between one language to another. In short, translation is needed in communication activity between different languages.

Nowadays, the advancement in technology shows the importance and the necessity of translation as a tool for communication, especially in entertainment. Translation activity can be seen in documentary films, films, short-films, VCD, DVDand other kinds of audiovisual communication. Film is a popular medium to interact with different people from different places to learn their culture, behavior and language. People from all over the world, old and young, female and male watch movies to entertain themselves and to give them more knowledge about the latest information. Nowadays, many people like to watch documentary films, films, short-films because they are entertaining and people can get them easily from internet, TV and cable TV. Besides, a taped film in the form of VCD (Video Compact Disc) and DVD (Digital Video Disc) are also popular for people who like to watch films. It is because VCD and DVD are cheap, efficient and people can get them easily in CD rental store or CD store. Nowadays, we can see that many people are interested

inwatching film, especially foreign films. The diversity of language is not a big obstacle for the audience, because those foreign films are now equipped with the translation. The translation can be in the form of text (subtitle) or in the form of voice substitution (dubbing).

The excessive number of films with their translations shown in some TV stations will arouse a question whether the quality of the translation in the form of subtitle and dubbing is good or not. This problem gives an idea to the writer to make a research about foreign film translation into Indonesian, especially in the form of subtitle.

The film that is chosento be the object of this research is entitled Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. This movie is chosen because the sequel of Ice Age the movie is one of the most popular animation movies which iswatched by people in all over the world. Therefore, the equivalence and the acceptability of the subtitle can be perfect objects to be researched.

This movie wasproduced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox. This movie was released on July 1st 2009. This movie is about the adventure of a group of animals consists of Manny and Ellie the Mammoth, Diego the Tiger, Crash and Eddie the Possum, and Buck the Weasel. They want to find and save their friend Sid the Sloth from the Tyrannosaurus Rex.

In A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Catford mentions that the central problem of translation practice is that to find the TL translation equivalence (1974:21). However, in translating a movie subtitle, only transferring the SL into TL

is not enough. The translator should consider the influence of culture in which the movie is produced, so that the audience with different cultural background can understand the context. Second, the visual aspects of the film (for example the image, facial expression, gestures, speech) are also important to make the audience more understand about the subtitle and the context. However, since the film used in this research is an animated movie, the facial expressions and the gestures of the characters are not naturally done by humans. They are created by the animators as natural as possible so that they look like human‟s imitation. Therefore, the visual aspects (facial expressions and gestures of the characters) can be used to help the audience understand the subtitle and the context of the film. In short, subtitle translation must consider the language aspect and non-language aspect (culture and visual aspect).

The writer focuses on the translation of dialogue in the film in a form of subtitle. The dialogue of the SL will be taken from the original script of the film, and the TL subtitle will be taken from the original VCD in Indonesian published by PT. Vision Interprima Pictures.The equivalence and the acceptability of the film subtitle (in Indonesian) in Ice Age 3:Dawn of the Dinosaurswill be analyzed. Roger T. Bell (1991:6) states that the meaning of equivalent is when the message of the SL text is equivalently transferred into the TL text.

The translation is also acceptablewhen the translation can be accepted in the target language by adapting the translation with the culture and norms of the target language (Munday, 2001:114). In short, the translation is acceptable if the translation

text is not in contradiction with the TL culture and it is understandable to the audience. The word understandable means the translation used in the TL is commonly used in everyday language and the audience can easily understand the context. The context understood by the audience should be the same with the context in the SL. So, acceptability will also consider the understanding or response of the audience (Hatim, 2001:117).

The acceptability will also considers the non-language aspects (visual aspects) such as intonations, utterances, gestures, facial expressions, settings, and time. Those visual aspects are also necessary in judging the acceptability of the subtitle, because they can help the audience to understand the film even though the subtitle is not equivalence or is not translated at all.

This research focuses on the translation of utterances of irritation in the form of subtitle. In Oxford Learner‟s Dictionary, the word irritated means annoyed or angry. Therefore, the utterances of irritation can include the expression of annoyance and anger. This kind of utterances is chosen because the way a certain group of people express their feelings are different from other group with other culture.And since in the film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur there are a lot of expressive expressions, so this film is chosen to be the object of this research.

B. Problem Formulation

The problems that the writer would like to analyze in her study are as follows: 1. Howis the equivalenceof theutterances of irritationin Indonesian subtitle compared

to the dialogue ofthe film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur?

2. How acceptable are the subtitleof utterances of irritation in the film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur?

3. How is the translation equivalence related to the acceptability of the subtitle in this research?

C. Objectives of the Study

The first problem is to find out whether the utterances of irritation found in the subtitle of Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurthe movie are equivalent to the SL dialogue or not. The equivalence includes onhow the utterances can be transferredequivalently from verbal language into written form without any missing information or any other problem of equivalence. In determining the equivalence, the data will be analyzed and classified into two big categorizes; they are equivalent and non-equivalent.

The second problem is to find out the acceptability of the subtitle seen from how the subtitle can be accepted in TL culture. The subtitle is acceptable when the language is commonly used in everyday language and it is understandable to the audience. The writer limits the acceptable assessment into two big categories; they

are acceptable and not-acceptable. To judge whether the subtitle is acceptable and equivalent or not, the visual aspects of the film will also be considered.

The third problem formulation is to find how the equivalence of the translation can be related to the acceptability of the subtitle in this research.

D. Definition of Terms

1. Equivalence

Generally, Roger T. Bell (1991:6) states that “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language”. In other word, equivalence means the TL and the SL text must convey the same message.

2. Acceptability

A translation is acceptable when the translation can be accepted in the TL by adapting the translation with the culture and norms of the TL (Munday, 2001:112). In short, the translation is acceptable if the TL audience can understand the translation (the translation text is not in contradiction with the TL culture).

3. Subtitle

According to Szarkowska, film translation can be divided into two forms. They are dubbing and subtitling. Baker in her book Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (1998: 244-245) says that subtitle is transcriptions of film or TV dialogue, presented simultaneously on the screen. From the definition above, subtitle can also be defined as translation of a film dialogue which is shown in one or two

lines of text on the screen. A subtitle can help the audience to understand the dialogues spoken in the film by the characters.

4. Expressive Illocutionary Act

Speech act is defined by John Langshaw Austin as the actions performed in saying something (Cutting, 2003:16). He says that the action performed when an utterance is produced can be analyzed on three different levels; they are locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act (Levinson, 1983:236).

Illocutionary act, which is used in this research, can be defined as the expression of a proposition with the purpose of doing something else (Yule, 1996:48).

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

In writing this research, there are some studies that are used in order to give some ideas and considerations to develop this research.

Hilda Dina Santoja from Sanata Dharma University has made a research entitled The Subtitling of Sherwood Baptist Church’s Facing the Giants: its accuracy, its acceptability and effects to the viewers. She observes and analyzes how accurate and acceptable the translation of the subtitling of this movie is when compared to the spoken dialogues. She also examines the effects towards the viewers with the existence of the subtitling. She conducts a combination of empirical and library research to do the research.

The second research is from AdventinaPutranti from SebelasMaret Surakarta

University. She has made a research entitled

„KajianTerjemahanTindakIlokusiEkspresifdalamTeksTerjemahan Film“American Beauty”. In her research, she wants to study the translation of the expressive illocutionary acts found in the movie subtitle. She also wants to explain the translation equivalence and decides the acceptability of the subtitle. In the end of the research, she concludes that the acceptability of the translation is not always produced by the equivalent translation. Non-equivalent translation can also produce acceptable

translation when it issupported by the visual aspects of film. Meanwhile, the unacceptable translation is caused by non-equivalent translation that is not supported by the visual aspects of the film, and when the source text is not translated at all.

Based on the explanations before, the writer wants to develop the other studies that have been studied before. First, the equivalence of the utterances of irritation in the subtitle will be searched by comparing the dialogue in SL and TL and also by considering the visual aspects of the Ice Age 3 Dawn of the Dinosaurs the movie. Second, the acceptability of the subtitle will be found out by distributing the questionnaires to the respondents and search whether the respondents understand the subtitle or not and whether the subtitle can be accepted to the TL culture or not. And the third, the result of the analysis will prove how the equivalence of the translation is related to the acceptability in this research.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Translation

a. The Definition of Translation

In Approaches to Translation, Newmark (1981:7) states that a translation is an attempt to replace written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. In short, translation is a process where a message, which can be in the form of a written or unwritten text, is transferred into another written or unwritten form in a different language.

From the definition above, it can be concluded that translation is a skill in communicating the message that is delivered from the source language to the target language by paying attention to the non-linguistic aspects such as social custom or culture that is applied in a certain language. A translator should focus on both the text form and the message, so there will be no deviation caused by different understanding in social context between the native of the SL and the native of the TL.

In the context of film translation, Schwarz mentions some more aspects that a translator must pay attention in translating a film. Film is a form of text that is made and supported by other aspects, such as linguistic, non-linguistic, and artistic of the film. So in film, not all messages are delivered in verbal or spoken utterances. Therefore to transfer the meaning, a translator must pay attention to the non-verbal aspects, such as facial expression of the speaker, gestures and body language.

Beside those aspects, Schwarz also mentions another limitation in film translation. There are limitation in space and time in producing a subtitle. Limitation in space and time has a meaning that there is only one or two lines provided for 35 characters in every 1-11 seconds. Because of the limitation, the acceptability of a translation can not be judged by the accuracy of the sentence structure, language style and choice of words, but it is more emphasized on the same understanding of the message between the audience in SL and TL.

b. Film Translation

Barbara Schwarz says that film has a special characteristic which is the source language is in a spoken form and combined with the non-verbal visual elements and other artistic elements. To translate the film dialogue, it is impossible if the translator only translates the spoken utterances, but he must put the non-verbal visual elements into the text of target language.

In film translation, the translator must emphasize on the equivalence of the source language and the target language, especially on the respond of both audience of SL and TL that must be similar (Nida& Taber, 1974:28). In making a good subtitle, there is an artistic requirement that must be fulfilled.

TiinaHakkinen states that there is limitation of space and time that becomes the main problem in making a subtitle. Hakkinen explains that the change of communication channel causes a reduction of information because of the diversity in the speed of listening and speed of reading. Schwarz says that a good subtitle must be in two lines written on the bottom of the screen. Each line consists of less than 35 characters including letter, space, and mark. So, in transferring the message, a translator must select the information that should be maintained and the information that can be reduced. In short, a translator must interpret the whole message without translate them literally.

c. Translation Equivalence

Generally, Roger T. Bell (1991:6) states that “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language”. In other word, equivalent means the TL and the SL text must convey the same message. According to Nida and Taber (1964: 159), there are two kinds of equivalence, formal and dynamic equivalences.

Formal equivalence: focuses on the message itself, in both form and content. One is concerned that the message in the TL should match as closely as possible the different elements in the SL (Nida in Munday, 2008: 42). It means that formal equivalence is thus closely oriented towards the ST structure, which contributes a strong influence in determining the accuracy and correctness (Munday, 2008: 42).

Dynamic equivalence: is based on the principle of equivalent effect, where 'the relationship between the TT audience and the TT message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the ST audience and the ST message'. The goal of dynamic equivalence is „seeking the closest natural equivalent to the ST message‟ (Nida in Munday, 2008: 42).

The concept of dynamic equivalence for Nida does not only consist of the accuracy of conveying the ST message but also the naturalness of the TT. In the level of accuracy, the TT should convey the same message as in the ST. In translating a film, the equivalence of its translation cannot be seen only in word level or

word-for-word translation, but asNida‟s Dynamic Equivalence theory says, that the equivalent is seen from the TT that transfers the same context or expression as in the ST.

d. Problems of Translation

In translation, misunderstanding toward the meaning of words or expression will cause meaning shift in the translation text. Therefore, a translator should master the SL and TL to find the equivalent meaning in translation process. Mona Baker (1992:21-25) classifies some problems of non-equivalence at word level. They are:

1. Culture-specific concepts: this problem relates to a concept which is totally unknown in the TL, such as culture, religious belief, and type of food.

2. The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the TL: The SL word may express a concept which is known in the target culture but there is no word in the TL to express it.

3. The source-language word is semantically complex: It happens when a SL word is semantically complex, so when there is no equivalent word in TL to replace it, a translator should describe it in a phrase or sentence.

4. The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning: even though there is a relevant word in TL, different concept between TL speaker and SL speaker can occur at anytime.

5. The TL lacks a superordinate: the target language may have specific words but no general word to head the semantic field.

6. The target language lacks a specific term: the lack of specific terms makes it difficult to find the relevant word.

7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective: the characteristic between the speakers in a society that use certain language will cause a difficulty in finding the correspondence.

8. Differences in expressive meaning: there may be a TL word which has the same propositional meaning as the SL word, but it may have different intensity of emotion between SL and TL.

9. Differences in form: there is often no equivalent in the TL for a particular form in the source text.

10.Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms: even when a particular form has an equivalent in TL, there may be a problem caused by the different frequency when it is used.

11.The use of loan words in the ST: loan words are used to preserve a meaning that does not exist in the ST.

e. Translation Acceptability

A translation is acceptable when the translation can be accepted in the TL by adapting the translation with the culture and norms of the TL (Munday, 2001:114). In short, the translation is acceptable if the translation text is not in contradiction with the TL culture.

Another definition, acceptability is the situation where the TT is expressed in the natural form of the TL (Larson, 1984: 10). So, acceptability depends on the TT readers and it is closely related to the natural translation.Naturalness in this term means that the language used in the translation is commonly used in the TL culture (natural) and it is understandable to the audience. In other words, the translation used in the TL should be commonly used in everyday language, so that the audience can easily understand the context. The context understood by the audience should be the same with the context inferred in the SL. So, acceptability will also consider the understanding or response of the audience (Hatim, 2001:117).

In finding the acceptability of a film subtitle, the visual aspects such as intonation, utterances, gestures, facial expression, setting, time, and different context of culture between SL and TL should be considered. Those visual aspects are also necessary in judging the acceptability of the subtitle, because they can help the audience to understand the film even though the subtitle is not equivalence or is not translated at all.

2. Theory of Speech Act

This limitation of this research will discuss on the translation of speech act in a certain context of speech event. Yule (1996:47) says that speech act is an act that comes from speech, and to understand the speech, it should be delivered in a certain context. Searle (1969: 16) also states that the production of a sentence token under

certain conditions is a speech act, and speech acts are the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication.

Speech act is defined by John Langshaw Austin (1962) as the actions performed in saying something (Cutting, 2003:16). Austin also adds that the action performed when an utterance is produced can be analyzed on three different levels; they are locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act (Levinson, 1983:236). A locutionary act is the basic act of utterance, or producing meaningful linguistics expression (Yule, 1996:48).

An illocutionary is the expression of a proposition with the purpose of doing something else, for example the sentence: Could you pass me the salt, please? This sentence implies the speaker‟s action of ordering someone to pass the salt to the speaker. Informing, ordering, warning, undertaking can be included in this act.

A perlocutionary act gives more effect to the hearer, which means by saying those utterances, we assumed that the hearer will react as we intended. In other words, perlocutionary act has purposes to change the hearer‟s mind. It includes persuading, inspiring, and deterring.

From the definition above, it can be concluded that illocutionary act is an act that has a force (illocutionary force) which makes the speaker to do something when he says something in a relevant context. Searle (1976, in Levinson, 1983:240) says that illocutionary act has five kinds, they are:

1. Declarative: a speech act that change the world by the utterance. For example the sentence spoken by the priest: I pronounce you man and wife. This kind

of speech act is usually used in a situation where the speaker has an authority upon the statement and the person spoken to. It also depends on the place where the statement is spoken to make this statement communicative. For example, a teacher may say to his student, you are late in this class, while in other places (such as in the student‟s home), the teacher does not have any right to say that sentence to the student.

2. Representative: a speech act that state what the speaker believes to be the case, such as describing, climbing, hypothesizing, insisting, and predicting. This is different from the way declarations work. Someone says a sentence like, it’s going to be a hot season, it does not have to prove the truth of the sentence itself. In this case, what is right or wrong, but more about what the speaker is certain about.

3. Expressive: a speech act that state what the speaker feels and it can be statements of joy, dislike, pain, sorrow, etc. Expressive speech act appears quite often in daily situation, where this kind of speech act represents the speaker‟s feeling through the statement that is spoken out. For example the woman says I really like your dress shows her feeling toward the object she means. Expressive speech act usually more concerns about the speaker rather than the object that is spoken to or about, and the effect it has toward the hearer is not as significant as the effect declaration have toward the hearer.

4. Directive: a speech act that the speaker use to get someone else to do something, such as commands, orders, requests, suggestions, and they can be positive or negative. It is quite clear that directives concerns more on the hearer‟s action as

expected by the speaker. Directives can be in form of both direct and indirect speech act. For orders, requests, and suggestions, the speaker states mostly in indirect speech act, while for commands usually the speaker states directly to the hearer.

5. Commissive: a speech act that the speaker uses to commit themselves to some future actions. They can be promise, threat, refusal, pledges, and they can be spoken by the speaker alone, or by the speaker as the member of a group. This kind of speech act contains the speaker‟s plan toward something or someone that is spoken to.

From the five kinds of illocutionary acts above, the expressive illocutionary act will be chosen to be discussed in this research. The reason is because in the Ice Age 3 Dawn of the Dinosaurs the movie; there are a lot of utterances of expression said by the character in the story. And in specific, the expression of irritation will be analyzed in this research.

C. Theoretical Framework

The theories applied in this research are the theory of translation and theory of speech act. Those theories are divided into several parts. The first theory on the definition of translation helps the writer to understand the meaning of translation. The theory on film translation gives more explanation ofhow to translate a movie especially into a form of subtitle.

The translation equivalencetheory gives the information of how a translation can be said it is equivalent or not. This is used to determine the equivalence of the

text or dialogue of the original in English into Indonesian. The problem of translation theory is used to describe some problems that often occur in translation. The acceptability theory is used to determine whether the subtitle is acceptable or not by seeing if the text is acceptable in the TL culture, the naturalness of the subtitle and also the visual aspects of the film.

The theory on speech act discusses the meaning of speech acts and kinds of speech act, especiallyexpressive illocutionary act that is used in this research.This theory is used to find utterances of irritation in the film dialogue and the subtitle.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

This research focuses on the translation of the dialogue in the film in a form of subtitle. The dialogue of the SL is taken from the original script of the film, and the TL subtitle is taken from the original VCD in Indonesian published by PT. Vision Interprima Pictures. But the data is not taken from the whole dialogue, but only the expressions of irritation including expression of anger and annoyance found in the film. The equivalence and the acceptability of the expressions of irritation in the film Ice Age 3:Dawn of the Dinosaurs, which are translated into the subtitle in Indonesian,are the objects of this research.

B. Approach of the Study

This research uses the pragmatics as the approach of this study. Pragmatics is used because it studies about meaning and its context.Stalnaker (1972, inHatim and Mason, 1990: 59) states that “Pragmatics is the study of purposes for which sentences are used, under which a sentence may be appropriately used as an utterance”. In short, pragmatics has been defined as a study of the relations between language and its context of utterance.This approach can help this research to determine whether the expressions of irritation in the film dialogue are equivalent and acceptable or not by considering the context and visual aspects of the film.

C. Method of the Study

This undergraduate thesis usedempirical method.This method was done by collecting the data and giving some questionnaires to some respondents to assess the equivalence and the acceptability of the data. After giving the questionnaires, the respondents were interviewed to verify the data.

1. Kinds of Data

The data in this research are divided into two types. They are: a. Objective Data

Objective data consist of the expressions of irritation taken from the film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur (in English) and the subtitle in Indonesianis taken from the original VCD.

b. Affective Data

In order to get the affective data, the writer analyzes the data and distributessome questionnaires to some respondentswhich are used to support the analysis. The questionnaires to assess the equivalence is distributed to 3 English letters students who meet some criteria: (1) master English and Indonesian, (2) have passed Translation class with grade A, and (3)are interested in translation. The second questionnaires which are to assess the acceptability is distributed to 3 people who meet these criteria: (1) have watched the film (Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur) and

(2) love watching movies supported by subtitles. The criteria given to each kind of questionnaire are made so that the respondents‟ assessmentsare qualified.

2. Data Collection

In order to get the text film dialogue and subtitle text, the writer studied the film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur and collected the film dialogue in SL (English) and subtitle text in Indonesian (TL). The step of classification was done to find out the expressive utterances found in the film dialogue and subtitle text. From this step, there are 25 expressions of irritationwhich is found that includes expressions of anger and annoyance.

After collecting all the dialogue and the subtitle, the writer collected the secondary data through questionnaires. The data questioned in the questionnaires were taken by taking samples. The sampleswere taken by purposive sampling, so that the data could represent the information that is needed in this research. The questionnaires for assessing the equivalence needed both the SL text and TL text, while the questionnaires for assessing the acceptability needed only the TT. The examples of the questionnaires are given below:

Table 1. Example of the Questionnaires to Assess the Equivalence No. Character Source

Language

Target Language

Equivalence

Comment

E NE

1. Neighbor (Scene 1)

The table above shows the questionnaires to assess the equivalence. The respondents were asked to compare the SL text and TL text and judge whether the utterance is equivalent or not. The equivalence is determined from the meaning equivalence.

Table 2. Example of the Questionnaires to Assess the Acceptability

No. Character Target Language

Accepta-

bility Visual

Aspect Comment A NA

2. Neighbor (Scene 1)

Tahusiapa yang maukutendang?

The table above shows the questionnaires to assess the acceptability. The respondents were asked to analyze the TL subtitle; judge whether the utterance is acceptable or not and whether the visual aspects are important in delivering the message or not. The acceptability is determined from the audience‟s understanding.

3. Data Analysis

The data analysis was done to the SL dialogue of Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur and the subtitle in TL. The data analysis was firstly done by studied and compared the SL and TL text carefully. As what has mentioned in the theory of equivalence in chapter 2, equivalence means the TL and the SL text must convey the same message.

Therefore, the first problem of equivalence could be answered by seeing the meaning equivalence from SL to TL and also considered the visual aspects of the film. From the data analysis, some aspects that cause the meaning non-equivalence between SL and TL text were also observed. The utterance is not equivalent if the meaning in TL is not the same as in the SL. The problem of not-equivalence can be caused for example if the message is reduced (loss), there is additional message (gain), and there is a mistranslation, which can give different message as in the SL. Some questionnaires were also distributed to translation students so they could be used to support the analysis of equivalence. The questionnaire for assessing the equivalence contained both the SL and the TL. The respondents were asked to give a check ( ) based on the indicator of equivalence. The indicator of equivalence below is formulated by the researcher according to the theory of equivalence. The table of equivalence indicator is as follow:

Table 3.The Indicator of Equivalence

Category THE INDICATOR OF EQUIVALENCE

Equivalent The message content in the SL is as same as in the TL (equal). There is no missing message, additionalmessage and/or mistranslate in the TL.

Non-Equivalent

The message content in the SL is different from the TL. There is missing message, additional message, not translated and/or mistranslate in the TL. So, the message content is different and the TL gives different perception to the audience.

Next, to answer the second problem, the writer analyzed the data once again and distributed some questionnaires to find out the acceptability of the subtitle from the audience. These questionnaires were used to assess the acceptabilityof expressions of irritationin the subtitle. The respondents were asked to give a check ( )to the acceptable and not-acceptable column.Based on the theory of acceptable (in the chapter 2), it can be said that the translation is acceptable if the translation text is not in contradiction with the TL culture and the TL audience can understand the translation. The audience‟s understanding can be seen from two factors. The text is normally used in everyday language and the audience can get the same message as what is inferred in the source language text.

In short, it can be formulated that the subtitle is acceptable if the subtitle can be accepted in the TL culture, the words used in the TL is commonly used in everyday language, the subtitle is understandable, and the subtitle will not produce different perception with the SL text. It is done by interviewing the respondent and ask them to infer the meaning from the utterances in the subtitle, so the researcher can see whether or not the perception received by the TL audience is the same as what is proposed in the source language.The table of acceptability indicator formulated by the researcher is shown below:

Table 4.The Indicator of Acceptability

Category THE INDICATOR OF ACCEPTABILITY

Acceptable

The TL text can be accepted in TL culture, understandable, do not arouse a question in audience‟s mind and/or produce different perception with the SL text. So, the TL text gives the same responds to the audience.

Not Acceptable

The TL text can not be accepted in TL culture, not understandable, and/or arouse a question in audience‟s mind. So, the TL text gives different responds or understanding to the audience.

The third problem is about the relation of the equivalence and the acceptability of the subtitle. This problem is done by seeing the result of the analysis of the equivalence and acceptability. The conclusion of both analyses would be the answer of the third problem formulation.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

As what has mentioned before, the focuses of this study are the equivalence and the acceptability of the translation of expressive illocutionary act (especially expressions of irritation, which consists of expressions of anger and annoyance) in the film subtitle „Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur’.

This research uses the purposive sampling method. The data have been taken from the film dialogue in source language (English) and film subtitle in target language (Indonesian). In the film dialogue, there are 25 expressions of irritation consist of 11 utterances of anger and 14 utterances of annoyance are found and used to be the data of this research.

From the data analysis, those 25 utterances of irritation, which includes annoyance and anger, can be categorized into two classes which are equivalent and not equivalent. After they were classified, the step of determining the acceptability of the subtitle text is done. The acceptability of the subtitle is done by not only seen the translation equivalence, but also the visual aspect which is participating in the film. From the analysis done to the acceptability of the text, it is found that the translation which has meaning equivalence will always produce an acceptable translation. Meanwhile, there are some findings which show that non-equivalent translation, if it is supported by the visual aspect of the film, it will produce acceptable translation.

Therefore, in relation to the translation acceptability, there are two classes of non-equivalence translation. They are non-non-equivalence which produce acceptable translation because supported by the visual aspect of the film, and the non equivalence which produce non-acceptable translation because is not supported by the visual aspect of the film.

After the step of analyzing the data equivalence and acceptability, the data were given codes to make them easy to be understood. The example of the codes is: 03/01/Ang/E/A/VA. It consists of 03: the number of the data, 01: the number of scene where the utterance can be found, Ang: the name of expression (Angry, Ano: Annoyed), E: Equivalent (NE: Not Equivalent), A: Acceptable (NA: Not Acceptable), VA: Visual Aspect (if there is no visual aspect, use „-„).

A. Translation Equivalence

1. Equivalent Translation

The problem of equivalence can be answered by seeing the meaning equivalence from SL to TL and cultural background of both texts. From the data analysis, some aspects that cause the meaning non-equivalence between SL and TL text were also observed. From 25 data of anger and annoyance expressions, there are 17 equivalent translations. The examples of the expressions which are translated equivalently are shown as follows:

02/01/Ang/E/A/-

Character Source Language Target Language

Manny Neighbor

Sorry, folks! False alarm! It was just a kick!

You know who I'd like to kick?

Maaf, salah alarm. Bayinya cuma menendang.

Tahu siapa yang mau kutendang?

This utterance is spoken by a neighbor (a porcupine) who is angry at Manny because he has made a false alarm about his new coming baby. The baby inside Ellie‟s womb is just kicking, and it is not yet coming out. This fact makes some neighbors upset and angry at Manny. One of the angry neighbor says “You know who I‟d like to kick?”, which means he is angry and he wants to kick someone at that time.

The subtitle in target language has the same message as the source language text. The message from the utterance is that the neighbor who is angry at Manny wants to kick someone. The TL subtitle contains the same message as the SL text. This analysis is also supported by the other three respondents of equivalence who answer the same as researcher‟s finding. The three respondents also state that the message is equally transferred from SL text into TL text.

In translating subtitles, it is not necessary for the translator to translate the text literary or word by word. This utterance is one of the example. It is not necessary to translate the sentence “You know who I‟d like to kick?” into “Kau tahu siapa yang mau kutendang?”. The word „you‟ which is not translated is not a problem. The first reason is because based on the theory of equivalence, the focus is only on the same

message. If the message from SL is equally transferred into TL text, then the translation is equivalence. Besides, logically, spoken and written languages are different. In spoken language, it is common to have a grammar and structural mistakes because it is spontaneous and unplanned. On the other had, written language is often planned, so it should be accurate in sentence structure and grammar. Therefore, since SL in the film is spoken language, it is not a problem if the sentence structure of the dialogue is not structurally correct.

The second reason is because in translating subtitle, there is limitation of space and time. Based from the theory of subtitling, in translating subtitle, a translator should translate it as efficient and effective as possible. Not all words in SL can be translated literally as they are because the space provided is limited (2 lines) and the time provided is also limited (2-3 seconds). The translator should choose which information that wants to be delivered. Therefore, word reduction might happen in subtitle translation.

The next example of the expressions which is translated equivalently is shown as follows:

03/01/Ang/E/A/VA

Character Source Language Target Language

Manny Neighbor 2

Sorry, folks! False alarm! It was just a kick!

That's the third false alarm this week.

Maaf, salah alarm. Bayinya cuma menendang.

Itu yang ketiga kalinya minggu ini.

The utterance in bold is spoken by a neighbor (a tapir) who is angry at Manny because he has made a false alarm about his new coming baby. The baby inside Ellie‟s womb is just kicking, and it is not yet coming out. This fact makes some neighbors upset and angry at Manny because this incident already happened for 3 times.

The utterance is equivalent because the message is equally transferred from SL into TL subtitle. The message is about the neighbor who is upset because Manny has made false alarm for three times in this week. The three respondents of equivalence answer the same as the researcher.

Although in the utterance the word „false alarm‟ is not translated, it does not affect the meaning of the subtitle, because it is already mentioned in the previous utterance spoken by Manny (“Maaf, salah alarm”). Because it is already mentioned, the translator does not have to translate it again in order to be efficient. Besides, the audience already know the context of the dialogue. So, the word reduction of „False alarm‟ is not a problem and the subtitle is equivalent. This explanation is supported by the three respondents of equivalence.

The next example of the expressions which is translated equivalently is shown below:

04/01/Ang/E/A/-

Character Source Language Target Language

Sid

Neighbor 3

I see someone else who has a bun in the oven!

I'm not pregnant!

Ada yang sedang menanti bayi juga.

Aku tidak hamil!

This utterance is spoken by a neighbor (a mole) who is angry at Sid because Sid thinks that the mole is pregnant, but in fact, she is just fat. The mole is offended by Sid‟s words, so she hits Sid with a stick and says “I‟m not pregnant!”. Pregnant in

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary means (for woman or female animal) having a baby or young animal developing inside her or its body (page 1035). In Indonesian, pregnant has similar meaning with „hamil’.

From the definition above, it can be said that the SL text and the TL subtitle have the same meaning/ message. There is no missing information or message, so the subtitle is equivalent. The three respondents of equivalence agree and support this statement.

The next example of the expressions which is translated equivalently is shown as follows:

05/04/Ano/E/A/VA

Character Source Language Target Language

Diego Aww! Why’d you do that? Kenapa kau memukulku?

This utterance is spoken by Diego who is angry because Manny comes and hits him. Diego does not know why Manny suddenly hits him. The word „do‟ is

translated into „memukulku‟. The subtitle is good because the word „memukulku‟ represents the action occurs in the picture. The picture is showing the action of Manny who suddenly hits Diego. It makes the message from the SL is well transferred into the TL subtitle. This analysis is also supported by the three respondents of equivalence who answer the same as researcher‟s finding. They answer that the subtitle represents the action of hitting in the picture.

The next example of the expressions which is translated equivalently is shown below:

07/07/Ang/E/A/-

Character Source Language Target Language

Sid Stay here. Stay here. And you, you take care of your brother, now.

Momma's gonna be right back.

What did I just tell you kids?

Jangan bergerak! Kau jaga saudaramu sekarang. Ibu akan segera kembali.

Ibu bilang apa tadi, anak-anak?

This utterance is spoken by Sid when he is taking care of his eggs. One of his eggs falls down the hill and Sid tries to chase it. But the other two eggs follow Sid and they fall down the hill together. Sid is angry at them because they do not hear what Sid said to stay.

The utterance is equivalent because the message is equally transferred from SL into TL subtitle. The message is about Sid who asks his eggs why they do not hear

what he says. There is no missing message or information, so it is equivalent. The three respondents of equivalence agree and support this statement.

The next example of the expressions which is translated equivalently is shown as follows:

08/07/Ang/E/A/VA

Character Source Language Target Language

Sid Bad egg. Rotten egg! A heart attack you almost gave me!

Nakal. Bandel. Ibu nyaris kena serangan jantung.

This utterance is spoken by Sid who is angry at his eggs because they almost get hurt because they fall down the cliff. When Sid finally gets the eggs, then he yells at the eggs and says “Bad egg. Rotten egg!” And it is equivalent to translate “Bad egg, Rotten egg!” into “Nakal, Bandel” because Sid is angry to his children. It is common for parents to call their children “Nakal, Bandel” if they do bad things. The other two respondents answer the same answer as the researcher.

But the first respondent (R1) answers it is not equivalent. R1 thinks the translation should be “Telur nakal, Telur jelek”.The R1‟s suggestion of “Telur nakal,

Telur jelek” can not be accepted in the subtitle, because the translation is not efficient. The original subtitle “Nakal, Bandel” is already appropriate for the dialogue. It is common in TL culture, it is used in everyday language and the message is well conveyed. So, there is no mistake found in the original subtitle “Nakal, Bandel”.

The next example of the expressions which is translated equivalently is shown below:

15/14/Ano/E/A/-

Character Source Language Target Language

Manny Well, that's super.

Let's give him a gold star! Kid of the week!

They don't belong here, Sid.

Whatever they are,

wherever you found them, take them back.

Hebat.

Beri dia bintang emas. Anak teladan minggu ini!

Tempat mereka bukan disini. Binatang apapun mereka, dimanapun kau menemukan mereka, kembalikan.

This utterance is spoken by Manny who is angry at Sid because he insists to keep the dinosaurs although they have destroyed Manny‟s playground. Manny, who has built the playground by himself, feels so angry and desperate because the place which is for his son is now totaled and destroyed. So then he is upset and says those words to Sid.

The message of the utterance is well transferred into the TL subtitle. There is no missing information. The message is about Manny who tells Sid to take the children to the place where they are found, so that they will not destroy anything else. The word “Whatever they are” is translated into “Binatang apapun mereka”. It is an equivalent translation. It is better than if it is translated into “apapun mereka” because „they‟ is animal, so the subtitle is correct. The three respondents of equivalence also state the same as researcher‟s finding.

The other data of the equivalent utterance can be seen in the appendices.

2. Not Equivalent Translation

A translation is not equivalent if the meaning of SL is not well transferred into the TL text. Well transferred means there might be some messages which are not translated, or there is missing information or additional information which causes a different message as the SL text. There are 8 data of expressions of irritation which are not equivalent. The analyses are shown as follows:

01/01/Ang/NE/A/VA

Character Source Language Target Language

Neighbor Watch it!

-This utterance is spoken by a neighbor (porcupine) who is angry to Manny and friends who are running through a crowd and almost hit everybody. The neighbor says this utterance to warn Manny and friends, so they will not hurt other animal.

This utterance is not translated into TL subtitle and it makes the message from SL is not transferred in the TL subtitle. The word “Watch it!” in Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary (page 1519) means be careful about something. So, it is better if “Watch it!” is translated into “Awas!” or „Lihat-lihat!” or “Hati-hati”. The three respondents of equivalence support this analysis and answer the same as the researcher.

The next example of the expressions which is not translated equivalently is shown below:

25/35/Ano/NE/A/VA

Character Source Language Target Language

Diego Ellie (Scene 35)

I got to tip-toe. Tippy-toe. Tippy-toe.

–Excuse me, twinkle toes! Giving birth here.

Aku harus berjingkat-jingkat

–Permisi, aku mau bersalin.

This utterance is spoken by Ellie who is annoyed by Diego‟s activity who is dancing a tiptoes movement while Ellie is going to give birth. Ellie calls Diego „twinkle toes‟, but it is not translated in the subtitle. The word „twinkle toes’ should be translated, so that the sense of annoyance is not missing. It can be translated as „tukang jinjit‟ because in the picture Diego likes to „berjingkat-jingkat‟ or „berjinjit‟.

The three respondents of equivalence answer the same as researcher‟s finding. They state that the word „twinkle toes’ is important and must be translated. And they suggest the same translation as the researcher.

The next example of the expressions which is not translated equivalently is shown below:

09/07/Ang/NE/NA/-

Character Source Language Target Language

Manny

Sid Manny

Sid, whatever you're doing, it's a bad idea.

My kids will hear you! They're not your kids, Sid. Take them back. You're not meant to be a parent.

Sid, apapun yang kau lakukan, tidak baik.

Anak-anakku nanti dengar. Mereka bukan anak-anakmu. Kembalikan mereka. Kau bukan orang tua mereka.

The utterance in bold is spoken by Manny who is angry at Sid because Sid insists to not give the children back to the dinosaur. In the end of the speech, Manny says “You're not meant to be a parent” which contains a message about Sid who is not suitable to be a parent and have children. But this text is mistranslated and the message is different from the SL text. In the TL subtitle it Manny says “Kau bukan

orang tua mereka” which is clearly different with a better translation such as “Kau tidak cocok jadi orang tua”.

The three respondents of equivalence agree that this utterance is not equivalence because the translator mistakenly translates the SL, so that the message in TL subtitle is different from the SL. The respondents suggest “Kau tidak cocok jadi orang tua” as a better translation.

The next example of the expressions which is not translated equivalently is shown below:

17/14/Ano/NE/A/VA

Character Source Language Target Language

Sid Look, these are my kids, and

you're gonna have to go through me to get them!

Dengar! Mereka anak-anakku!

Langkahi dulu mayatku sebelum kau ambil mereka!

This utterance is spoken by Sid who is trying to protect his children from the Mommy Dinosaur who wants to take her children. Sid is annoyed and says to the Mommy Dinosaur to pass through Sid first before she can take the children. This utterance in the TL subtitle has a different meaning from the SL text. There is additional information in the word “Langkahi dulu mayatku sebelum kau ambil mereka”. The word „Langkahi dulu mayatku‟ is not in the SL text. In the SL text, Sid just tells Mommy Dinosaur to pass him first and it is supported by the picture in the movie. So, it is not about Sid who wants Mommy Dinosaur to kill Sid first before she can take the children.

The three respondents support this analysis and they think that the subtitle is excessive and exaggerated, so that the meaning seems bigger than it really is. They suggest a better translation as “Lewati aku dulu sbelum kau ambil mereka”.

The next example of the expressions which is not translated equivalently is shown below:

14/14/Ang/NE/A/VA

Character Source Language Target Language

Manny I told you to take them back, and you kept them! Now look what they've done!

Sudah kubilang kembalikan mereka tapi tidak! Lihat akibatnya!

This utterance is about Manny who is angry at Sid and the children who have destroyed the playground. Manny blames Sid for not taking the children back to Mommy Dinosaur and the fact that now the children ruin the playground. Manny says “I told you to take them back, and you kept them”. This utterance in the TL

subtitle is not complete. There is a lost message in „and you kept them’ which is only translated into „tapi tidak’. The subtitle in TL becomes not complete because there is something missing. The word „tapi tidak’ is not explaining „and you kept

them’. It is better to translate the SL as “Sudah kubilang kembalikan mereka tapi

malah pelihara mereka!”

Two respondents (R2 and R3) support this analysis and judge this subtitle is not equivalent. The R2 and R3 suggest the SL is translated into “Sudah kubilang kembalikan mereka tapi kau tidak melakukannya!” But the first respondent (R1) thinks that the sentence is already equivalent because there is no repetition and the sentence is shorter and efficient. The R1 argument can not be accepted because the message of the utterance is missing in the TL subtitle. And since this research is about meaning equivalence, this problem can not be accepted because there is lost message in the subtitle.

The next example of the expressions which is not translated equivalently is shown below:

13/14/Ang/NE/A/VA

Character Source Language Target Language

Sid If you don't spit out Little Johnny, we're leaving the playground this instant! Come on, barf him up!

Kalau tak mau keluarkan Johnny, kita pergi sekarang juga. Ayo,

keluarkan dia.

This utterance is about Sid who is angry at one of his children because eating one of his friends, Johnny. Sid is angry and warns his child to spit Johnny out. Besides using the word „spit out‟, Sid also uses the word „barf him up‟. In Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (page 92) „barf up‟ means to vomit. The SL text is supposed to be translated as „muntahkan dia‟ instead of „keluarkan dia‟. It is also supported by the picture in the film which shows the little dinosaur that must vomit the little Johnny.

This analysis is supported by R1 and R3 who state that this sentence is not equivalent because the meaning of vomit is loss. They suggest „muntahkan dia‟ as a better translation to the subtitle. On the contrary, the second respondent (R2) disagrees and thinks that this sentence is equivalent. She says that the action of „barf up‟ is already shown in the film, so it is enough to translate it as „keluarkan dia‟. But this reason can not be accepted in this research because the focus of this research is to find the meaning equivalence. If the meaning between SL and TL is not equivalent, then it is a not equivalence translation.

The next example of the expressions which is not translated equivalently is shown below:

22/23/Ano/NE/A/VA

Character Source Language Target Language

Sid Excuse me! I'm trying to have a conversation here.

Maaf. Aku sedang bicara.

This utterance is spoken by Sid who feels annoyed because she is ignored when she is talking to Mommy Dinosaur. Sid feels offended and he says “Excuse me!” to get Mommy Dinosaur‟s attention. In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

(page 457) the word „Excuse me‟ means to get somebody‟s attention. It is better to translate it as „Permisi‟, because in Indonesian the word „excuse me‟ equals with „Permisi‟ to get somebody‟s attention.

This analysis is also supported by the second and the third respondent (R2 & R3) who state that this utterance is not equivalent because the sense of annoyance is missing in the subtitle. It is better to replace „Maaf‟ with „Permisi‟ because it can be used to get the attention. The first respondent (R1) states that this translation is equivalent because he thinks that the word „Maaf‟ is commonly used in Indonesian to cut when someone is saying something or when people want to ask something. But in this case, Sid is not cut someone‟s speech or wants to ask questions; Sid is trying to get Mommy Dinosaur‟s attention and followed by intonation of annoyance, so the word „Pemisi‟ is better than „Maaf‟.

The other data of the not equivalent utterance can be seen in the appendices.

B. Translation Acceptability

1. Acceptable Translation

A translation is acceptable when the translation can be accepted in the target language culture, the subtitle is easy to understand and the subtitle will not make a different perception with what is inferred in the SL or in the film. In order to find out whether the audience gets the same perception with what is inferred in the SL text, the three respondents of acceptability are asked to mention the meaning of the subtitle in order to see the understanding that they get from the subtitle. If the TL perception is same as the message of SL text, so the subtitle is acceptable. On the other hand, if the perception is different and contains different message, so the subtitle is not acceptable.

From 25 data of anger and annoyance expressions, there are 12 acceptable translations which do not need the visual aspect of the film and 12 acceptable translations which are supported by visual aspect of the film.

a. Acceptable without Visual Aspect

Based from the research done to the subtitle, it is found that there are 12 utterances of expressions of irritation which are acceptable and although without the

visual aspect of the film, the audience still understands the message content of the subtitle. Here are some examples of the acceptable translation.

02/01/Ang/E/A/-

Character Target Language

Manny Neighbor

Maaf, salah alarm. Bayinya cuma menendang.

Tahu siapa yang mau kutendang?

This utterance is spoken by a neighbor (a porcupine) who is angry at Manny because he has made a false alarm about his new coming baby. The baby inside Ellie‟s womb is just kicking, and it is not yet coming out. This fact makes some neighbors upset and angry at Manny. Manny wants to apologize but the neighbor is already angry at him.

This subtitle is acceptable because it is understandable and the language is acceptable in the TL culture. Based from the questionnaires given to the respondents, it is known that the language used in the subtitle is easy to understand and commonly used in everyday language. It is also proven by the same message that the respondents can infer from the subtitle. The three respondents of acceptability infer that the subtitle shows the neighbor‟s anger at Manny because of the third false alarm. The three respondents give the same answer as the researcher‟s findings.

The next example of the expressions which is acceptable without visual aspects is shown below:

16/14/Ang/E/A/-

Character Target Language

Manny Sid Manny

Kau mau minta akte lahir? Dia induk Dinosaurus!

Tapi aku sudah berkorban darah, keringat dan air mata untuk membesarkan mereka!

Dalam sehari. Kembalikan mereka,

sinting!

This utterance is data number 16, taken from scene 14 and can be seen in the appendix 1 page 60. In this section, Manny is angry at Sid because he insists to keep the eggs even though there is a dinosaur in front of him. The dinosaur wants her eggs back but Sid does not give them away. Manny is upset and yelled at Sid.

The subtitle is acceptable because the language is acceptable in TL culture and understandable to the respondents which is proven by the same message that they get from the subtitle and the message in the SL text. The three respondents infer that the subtitle is about Manny who is angry at Sid because Sid keeps the children and does not want to give them back to their mother, so Manny call Sid crazy. The respondents of acceptability give the same answer as the researcher‟s findings.

The next example of the expressions which is acceptable without visual aspects is shown below:

Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications. London: Routledge, 2001.

Nababan, M. Rudolf. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1999.

Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981. Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation.

Leiden: EJ Brill, 1974.

Putranti, Adventina. Kajian Terjemahan Tindak Ilokusi Ekspresif dalam Teks Terjemahan Film “American Beauty”. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2007. (Unpublished)

Santoja, Hilda Dina. The Subtitling of Sherwood Baptist Church’s Facing the Giants: its accuracy, its acceptability and effects to the viewer. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta, 2009. (Unpublished)

Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Online References

Hakkinen, Tiina. “Audiovisual Translation in the Theory Field of Translation Studies. English Summary”. <http://translatorscafe.com> (5 November 2009).

Schwarz, Barbara. “Translation in a Confined Space – Film Sub-titling with a special

reference to DennisPotter’s “Lipstick on Your Collar” Part 1”. Translation Journal. Vol.6, No.4. <www.bokorlang.com/journal/23subtitles.htm >

(1 January 2003)

Szarkowska, Agniezka. “The Power of Film Translation”.

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: List of Subtitles and Their Translation

No

. Code Character Source Language Target Language 1. 01/01/Ang/

NE/A/VA

Neighbor Watch it! - 2. 02/01/Ang/

E/A/-

Neighbor You know who I'd like to kick?

Tahu siapa yang mau kutendang?

3. 03/01/Ang/ E/A/VA

Neighbor 2 That's the third false alarm this week.

Itu yang ketiga kalinya minggu ini.

4. 04/01/Ang/ E/A/-

Neighbor 3 I'm not pregnant! Aku tidak hamil! 5. 05/04/Ano/

E/A/VA

Diego Aww! Why’d you do that?

Kenapa kau memukulku? 6. 06/04/Ano/

E/A/VA

Manny Diego

Manny

- So you don't want to be around my kid? - No, no, no. That's... - You're taking this the wrong way. No, go. Go find some adventure, Mr. Adventure Guy. Don't let my boring domestic life hit you in the butt on the way out.

- Kau tak mau

mendampingi anakku? Bukan.

- Kau salah tangkap.- Pergilah. Carilah petualangan, Pak Petualang. Jangan sampai terhalangi kehidupan keluargaku yang membosankan. 7. 07/07/Ang/

E/A/-

Sid What did I just tell you kids?

Ibu bilang apa tadi, anak-anak?

8. 08/07/Ang/ E/A/VA

Sid Bad egg. Rotten egg! A heart attack you almost gave me!

Nakal. Bandel. Ibu nyaris kena serangan jantung.

9. 09/07/Ang/ NE/NA/-

Manny Sid Manny

Sid, whatever you're doing, it's a bad idea. My kids will hear you!

They're not your kids, Sid. Take them back. You're not meant to be a parent.

Sid, apapun yang kau lakukan, tidak baik. Anak-anakku nanti dengar.

Mereka bukan anak-anakmu. Kembalikan mereka. Kau bukan orang tua mereka.

10. 10/12/Ang/ E/A/-

Sid Hey! No biting! Tak boleh menggigit! 11. 11/14/Ano/

E/A/-

Neighbor Aren't you going to do something?

Kau tak mau ambil tindakan?

12. 12/14/Ano/ E/A/-

Sid I'm a single mother with three kids. I could use a little compassion!

Aku ibu tunggal dengan 3 anak. Coba bersimpati!

13. 13/14/Ang/ NE/A/VA

Sid If you don't spit out Little Johnny, we're leaving the

playground this instant! Come on, barf him up!

Kalau tak mau

keluarkan Johnny, kita pergi sekarang juga. Ayo, keluarkan dia.

14. 14/14/Ang/ NE/A/VA

Manny I told you to take them back, and you kept them! Now look what they've done!

Sudah kubilang kembalikan mereka tapi tidak! Lihat akibatnya! 15. 15/14/Ano/

E/A/-

Manny Well, that's super. Let's give him a gold star! Kid of the week! They don't belong here, Sid.

Whatever they are, wherever you found them, take them back.

Hebat.

Beri dia bintang emas. Anak teladan minggu ini!

Tempat mereka bukan disini. Binatang apapun mereka, dimanapun kau menemukan mereka, kembalikan. 16. 16/14/Ang/

E/A/-

Manny

Sid

Manny

What do you want, a birth certificate? She's a dinosaur! Well, I put in the blood, sweat and tears to raise them!

For a day! Give them back, you lunatic!

Kau mau minta akte lahir?

Dia induk Dinosaurus! Tapi aku sudah

berkorban darah, keringat dan air mata untuk membesarkan mereka!

Dalam sehari. Kembalikan mereka, sinting!

17. 17/14/Ano/ NE/A/VA

Sid Look, these are my kids, and you're gonna have to go through me to get them!

Dengar! Mereka anak-anakku! Langkahi dulu mayatku sebelum kau ambil mereka!

18. 18/14/Ano/ NE/A/VA

Diego Don‟t you have

anything better to do?

Apa kau tak ada kerjaan?

19. 19/15/Ano/ E/A/-

Manny Great. After we save Sid, I'm gonna kill him.

Bagus. Setelah Sid selamat, kubunuh dia. 20. 20/17/Ano/

E/A/VA

Ellie This is not the time, guys! We need all the help we can get!

Bukan saatnya ribut! Kita butuh bantuan. 21. 21/19/Ano/

E/A/-

Diego For the record, I blame you for this.

Harap dicatat, ini salahmu.

22. 22/23/Ano/ NE/A/VA

Sid Excuse me! I'm trying to have a conversation here.

Maaf. Aku sedang bicara.

23. 23/23/Ano/ E/A/-

Sid This is how you resolve conflict? No wonder you're single!

Come on. Am I talking to myself here?

I say, "They're

vegetarian." You say, "Grrr."

I say, "Can we talk about talk this?" You say, "Grrr."

Ini caramu

menyelesaikan konflik? Tak heran kau hidup sendiri.

Ayolah. Apa aku bicara sendiri?

Aku bilang mereka vegetarian, kau menggeram.

Aku tanya apa bisa kita bicarakan, kau

menggeram. 24. 24/25/Ano/

E/A/-

Manny Ellie

Come on, Ellie, you should rest now.

– Life of the party.

Ayo, Ellie, kau harus istirahat.

– Perusak suasana senang.

25. 25/35/Ano/ NE/A/VA

Diego Ellie

I got to tip-toe.

Tippy-toe. Tippy-toe.

– Excuse me,

twinkle toes! Giving birth here.

Aku harus berjingkat-jingkat

– Permisi, aku mau bersalin.

ABSTRACT

MICHELLE APRIANA KURNIADI. The Equivalence and the Acceptability of Irritation Expression Translation in the Subtitle of the FilmIce

Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. Yogyakarta: English Department, Faculty of Letters,

Sanata Dharma University, 2012.

This research focuses onexamining the equivalence and acceptability of a film subtitle. The film which is the object of this research is Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur.However, the data are not taken from the whole dialogue, but only the parts containing expressions of irritation including expression of anger and annoyance found in the film.

There are three problems discussed in this research. The first problem is the equivalence of the subtitle compared to the source language text (film dialogue). The second problem is the acceptability of the subtitle to the audience. The third problem is how the equivalence of the translation is related to the acceptability in this research. The empirical research is the method of this research. The empirical method is done by collecting the data of this research and giving some questionnaires to some respondents to support the researcher‟s analysis.

Based from the research done to the film Ice Age Dawn of the Dinosaur, there are 25 utterances of irritation found in the film. Expressions of irritation consist of 2 expressions: expressions of anger and expressions of annoyance. From the analysis of equivalence, there are 17 equivalent translations and 8 non-equivalent translations. Besides, based on the analysis of acceptability done to the subtitle, there are 12 expressions of irritation which are acceptable without the visual aspect of the film; 12 expressions of irritation which eventually become acceptable because supported by the visual aspect of the film; and 1 not-acceptable translation.Based from both findings of equivalence and acceptability, there are 3 conclusions of this research. The first conclusion is that the equivalence translation will produce acceptable translation. The second conclusion isthat the not-equivalence translation will produce non-acceptable translation if it is not supported by visual aspects of the film. The third conclusion is that the not-equivalence translation will produce acceptable translation if it is supported by visual aspects of the film.

ABSTRAK

MICHELLE APRIANA KURNIADI. The Equivalence and the Acceptability of Irritation Expression Translation in the Subtitle of the Film Ice

Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,

Universitas Sanata Dharma 2012.

Penelitian ini berfokus pada memeriksa kesepadanan dan keberterimaan sebuat subtitle film. Film yang menjadi obyek penelitian ini adalah Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. Tetapi, data yang menjadi obyek penelitian tidak diambil dari keseluruhan dialog, tapi hanya ekspresi kejengkelan yang meliputi ekspresi marah dan kejengkelan yang ditemukan didalam film tersebut.

Ada 3 masalah yang dibahas di penelitian ini. Masalah yang pertama adalah kesepandanan subtitle tersebut apabila dibandingkan dengan teks asli film tersebut. Masalah yang kedua adalah keberterimaan subtitle tersebut terhadap penonton. Dan masalah yang ketiga adalah bagaimana kesepadanan terjemahan tersebut berhubungan dengan keberterimaan di dalam peneitian ini.

Penelitian empiris adalah metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Metode penelitian empiris dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data penelitian dan memberikan beberapa kuesioner kepada beberapa responden untuk mendukung analisis peneliti.

Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap film Ice Age Dawn of the Dinosaur, terdapat 25 ucapan kejengkelan yang ditemukan di film. Ekspresi kejengkelan terdiri dari 2 ekspresi; ekpresi kemarahan dan ekspresi kejengkelan. Dari analisis kesepadanan, ada 17 terjemahan yang sepadan dan 8 terjemahan yang tidak sepadan. Selain itu, berdasarkan analisis keberterimaan yang dilakukan, ada 12 ucapan kejengkelan yang berterima tanpa dukungan aspek visual film; 12 ucapan yang menjadi berterima karena dukungan aspek visual film; dan 1 terjemahan yang tidak berterima. Berdasarkan temuan diatas tentang kesepadanan dan keberterimaan, ada tiga kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini. Kesimpulan pertama adalah terjemahan yang sepadan akan menghasilkan terjemahan yang berterima. Kesimpulan kedua adalah terjemahan yang tidak sepadan akan menghasilkan terjemahan yang tidak berterima apabila tidak didukung aspek visual. Dan kesimpulan terakhir adalah terjemahan yag tidak sepadan akan menghasilkan terjemahan yang berterima apabila didukung aspek visual dalam film tersebut.