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memory, whether heshe has ever received the same stimuli or not. Next, if heshe is able to recognize the stimuli, heshe then fits it and compares it with the
previous one. According to Stipek 1993: 141, perceptions of ability play an important role
in achievement motivation. Therefore, individuals who believe they are competent at a task will be motivated to have good achievement as they perceive their
probability of success higher than those who believe they lack competence. Hence, if students perceive that they have good ability in a task, they will be
motivated to achieve success.
b. Some Factors Influencing Perception
Altman, Valenzi, and Hodggets 1985: 86 present 4 factors which can affect someone to have a perception towards something. Those factors are: selection of
stimuli, organization of stimuli, situation, and self-concept. The following are the discussions of those factors.
1 Selection of Stimuli
Not all of the environmental stimuli are accepted by everyone. Heshe selects certain stimuli based on hisher interest and hisher own reason. Therefore, one
may have different selection of stimuli from another. In this case, in the teachinglearning process, the teacher has to make an effort to select a right and
suitable stimuli for the students. The model used is aimed to be the right stimuli for the students. Hence, if the students are interestedlike the use of the model in
their class, they will have good perceptions on the modelling. For, the selection of stimuli, the selection of the teaching technique, will affect the students’
perceptions.
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2 Organization of Stimuli
According to Altman et. al 1985: 87, the perceptual organization of information can help us categorize sensory inputs. It is to make the information
easier for someone to interpret it as meaningful information. In the research, if the organization of the stimuli is good, the students will have good perceptions.
3 The Situation
Altman et. al 1985: 89 state that what someone perceived is affected by hisher expectation towards a situation that happened to himher. In addition, what
someone perceived is also affected by the familiarity of the situation and one’s past experience. It means that the students’ expectation, past experience, and
familiarity of the use of audio recording as the model in their Speaking V class can influence their perceptions toward the use of the model. Furthermore, Siagian
2004: 102 states that it was proved that one’s experiences would influence hisher perceptions. For example, people will have various perceptions on the
view of a beautiful mountain. In this case, the perceptions of the people who live in a city will be different from the perceptions of the people who live around the
beautiful mountain. The beautiful view will be more attractive to the people who live in the city than those who live around the mountain.
4 Self-concept
According to Altman et. al 1985: 90, self-concept is the way someone perceives hisherself. The self-concept will determine what one perceives and
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does. Hence, what the students’ think about themselves will affect their perceptions towards something. It will also affect their behaviour.
From the theories presented above, it is clear that if the students have good perceptions on the model they will have good motivation and this will result on
the failure of learning. If the students have bad perceptions, they have lack motivation and success.
B. Theoretical Framework
For the first research question, the researcher tries to find out how the teacher implements the use of audio recording in the Speaking V class. The model is
different from the other speaking classes in the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. Besides, for most students the
model is new. Hence, it is important to know how the teacher implements the model in the speaking class. Therefore, the researcher employs the theories of
speaking including the teaching of speaking. For the second research question, the researcher employs the theories of perceptions. It includes the definitions of
perceptions, the relationship between the perceptions and learning, and the factors influencing perceptions. The researcher designed the questionnaire to obtain the
data on the students’ perceptions based on the theories.
