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c. Redundancy
It is hard to identify redundancy as it emerges from various forms. In this category the writer thus only found twelve redundancies. For example:
1 There are many good advantages toward the use of music as an approach in teaching English for children.
2 The students’ learning final outcomes at some period of the course is very important.
The redundancy in the first sentence could be identified easily since it was clearly stated. Advantage was always considered as beneficial, so good was
redundant. The second sentence was the same case as well. ‘Outcome’ was
associated with result, or was the way that something turned out in the end.
Therefore, final was redundant. Plausible rectifications of the sentences were: 1 There are many advantages toward the use of music as an approach in
teaching English for children. 2 The students’ learning outcomes at some period of the course is important
.
d. Phrases Replacement
Replacing long phrases with shorter meaningful phrases will improve the quality of the compositions. Phrase replacement covers two kinds of phrases
namely, padded verbs and formulaic phrases. There were 57 errors in this
category either in the form of padded verbs or formulaic phrases. Examples of padded verbs were:
1 It is clear that this activity minimizes the students’ weakness and gets better results in reading.
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2 Students are more likely to read when the teachers make them interest in reading.
The padded verbs employed in the sentences above were get better and make them interest. These padded verbs were correct. However, in academic
writing a single meaningful word is more effective than the use of longer words, conveying the same meaning. Get better in the first sentence was associated with
improve, in other words improve was preferable to get better. The second padded verbs make them interest was better substituted by motivate as motivate was more
effective and concise. The plausible rectifications of the sentences were:
1 It is clear that from this activity the students can minimize their weakness and improves results in reading.
2 Students are more likely to read when the teachers motivate them in reading. Another form of this category is formulaic phrase. Replacing formulaic
phrases with more concise and meaningful phrases will improve the quality of a composition. Some examples of formulaic phrases found were:
1 Grammar and other skills are also important but vocabulary is more important because it has function as the basis.
2 Role play is chosen by the researcher to find out its effectiveness in teaching vocabulary.
3 So that is why the teachers and students need an approach that is Cooperative learning in order to achieve speaking skill.
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The first sentence above did not clearly state the meaning. The student used so many words that led to confusion. In fact, the meaning of the sentence is
merely that vocabulary is more important because it serves as underlying language element. The second sentence was the same. Chosen by the researcher possibly
showed that the student was careless in writing since he was automatically the person who chose Role play as the topic. Therefore, the first and second sentences
above should be compressed. Since long phrases and sentences would incite the readers to lose interest, the third sentence would be more effective if it was also
reduced to fewer words. Plausible rectifications of the sentences were: 1 Vocabulary is more important than grammar and other skills because of its
basic function. 2 Role play is chosen to find out its effectiveness in teaching vocabulary.
3 Therefore the teachers and students need an approach that is Cooperative learning to achieve speaking skill.
e. Negative Forms
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