43 The questionnaire was also open for opinions, comments strengths and
weaknesses and suggestions in order to improve designed materials.
5. Main Product Revision
After gathering information from the product evaluation participants, the writer improved the preliminary form of product according to the comments and
suggestions given by the participants.
B. Research Setting
In order to find out the needs analysis, the writer conducted the research survey in Bantul CBR‘s office. The writer involved them to be the respondents
because the writer intended to find out their opinions about the available materials. The writer also did research survey in order to find out the evaluation of
the design materials. It was in English Education Research Program of Sanata Dharma University. The writer also involved them to be the respondents of the
post-design survey because the writer thought that they are able to give great deal of contribution and consideration to the designed materials since they have got a
lot of experiences in teaching English. Moreover, the evaluation they gave could be valuable information and feedback for revising and improving the designed
materials.
C. Subject
In accordance with the setting of the research and the steps in doing R and D methods, there were two kinds of research participants; they are participants of
research and information collecting and participants of product evaluation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
1. Participants of Research and Information Collecting
The participants for research and information collecting were all staffs of Bantul CBR they are 30 persons who need English to communicate with foreign
donators. In selecting participants, the writer chose several member of each division using cluster sampling to provide information needed in order to collect
data about lacks, necessities, and wants in the relation to learning speaking.
2. Participants of Product Evaluation
The writer chose two English lecturers of English Education Research Program of Sanata Dharma University and three English instructors of
Lembaga Bahasa
of Sanata Dharma University as the participants for product evaluation. As stated in the previous sub chapter, the reason to choose those participants was
that they are competent in education especially in English Education. The information from the participants allows the writer to gain rich information to
improve the designed materials.
D. Research Instruments
In order to obtain the data from the participants, the writer used two instruments in this research. There were interview and questionnaires.
1. Interview
The interview was done to gather some information. The writer used unstructured interviews that were conducted informally before designing the
materials since it wa s needed to obtain additional information about the learners‘
needs and interests, objectives, topics, materials resources and evaluation. Unstructured interview was more flexible and informal Ary, et.al., 1979: 175. It
45 was done as soon as the respondents answered the questionnaires. The
information from the interviewees was crucial for revising and improving the proposed instructional material.
2. Questionnaire
In order to gain data from the research participants, the writer employed questionnaire as the instrument for research and information collecting and
product evaluation. Questionnaire which was administered personally to groups of individuals have a number of advantages Best and Kahn, 1986.
According Richard and Rodgers 2001:120, there are two types of questionnaires, namely ―open-response items‖ and ―selected-response items‖. In
open-response items, the participants should give responses in their own word in form of writing; while in selected-response items, the participants should give
responses by selecting answers from the provided or alternative answers. In this research the writer used the combination of open-response items and
selected-response items. The writer used open-response items in the first part of the questionnaire to ask for bio data information, which was the information about
the participants‘ background and individual characteristics. Besides open-response items, the writer also used selected-response items in the second part of the
questionnaire. There were two questionnaires distributed to the participants. The first
questionnaire was distributed before designing the materials in order to find out the research and information collecting. The writer distributed the first
questionnaire in Bantul CBR‘s office. It was to gain the information about the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
46 participants‘ opinion about the available materials. The results of the distributed
questionnaires were the basis of needs analysis in determining learners‘
necessities, lacks and wants. The second questionnaire was distributed after designing materials to collect
data from the product evaluation participants in order to know the participants‘ opinion about the syllabus and the designed materials. This step was to gain
improvement and revision from the participants.
E. Data Gathering Technique
In this part, the writer discussed about how the data is collected. There were two parts to be discussed: data gathering for the needs survey from the
research and information collecting, and data gathering for the product evaluation. The results from the data gathered were the bases for the materials development.
Research and information collecting result was for elaborating appropriate materials and topic for the students, while product evaluation was intended to be
the base for main product revision.
1. Data Gathering for the Needs Survey from the Research and Information
Collecting
The needs survey was in Bantul CBR‘s office. To gather the data, the writer
came to the office to distribute the questionnaires to the participants. Besides distributing questionnaires to the participants, conducting interview was also
being done in order to get the participants‘ data of their experience in communicating using English language to the foreign donators. The answers from
the participants were the bases of needs analysis in order to find out their PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
47 necessities, lacks and wants. The findings of needs, lacks and wants were helping
the writer as the designer to elaborate materials and topics appropriate for the students.
2. Data Gathering for the Product Evaluation
After obtaining the data about the needs, lacks and wants of the learners, the writer designed the materials. Then, the designed materials needed to be
evaluated. To evaluate the designed materials, the writer needed to gain information to give comments and suggestions toward the designed materials.
The second participant was the product evaluation ‘s participant. In order to gather
the data from the second participant, the writer provided the designed materials together with the syllabus. The evaluation was conducted in English Education
Study Program of Sanata Dharma University and
Lembaga Bahasa
of Sanata Dharma University. The participants gave comments and suggestions on the
questionnaire provided towards what the participants found in the designed materials and the syllabus including basic competence and indicators. This step
evaluated the designed materials, so that writer had to improve them. In short, the data gathered from participants of product evaluation were the bases of main
product revision.
F. Data Analysis
After the questionnaires were collected, the data were recorded. The writer analyzed the data from the survey and then described them into the tables. In
survey research, the first step in data analysis was to describe or summarize the data using descriptive statistics. Brown and Richard
states, ―descriptive statistic is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
48 used to characterize or describe a set of number in term tendency and to show how
the numbers disperse, or vary, around the center‖ 2004:122. Since the purpose of the questionnaire was to know and obtain the
participants‘ opinions, the writer needed a procedure to calculate the data and to get the result of the questionnaires. To calculate data, the writer used three major
measures of central tendency proposed by Brown and Richard, namely:
mean, median, and mode
2004:128 . The ―mean, median and mode‖ were usually used
to describe the average performance among a group of scores. The writer needed the measures of central tendency because it allowed the writer to quickly identify
the average point around which the sample score are distributed. The mean or the average point of the parti
cipants‘ opinion was obtained by applying the formula as follows:
The mean or the average poin t of the participants‘ opinion was obtained by
applying the formula as follows: M =
n x
Where: M = mean or average point of the participant
s‘ opinion ∑x
= the total number of the raw score n
= the total number of the respondents The median was the midpoint of any ordered set of scores. The median was
easily found by arranging the scores from highest to lowest first, and then counting down until the halfway point is reached. However, there was a
disadvantage of median compared to the mean, which is the median is an ordinal statistic, so it is based on rank.
49 Another measure of central tendency was the mode. The mode was the most
frequently occurring score in the data set. Like the median, the mode also had some disadvantages compared to mean. The disadvantages of the mode compared
to mean were it is unstable and a distribution might have more that one mode. It was unstable when there were two random samples drawn from the same
population and have quite different population. Since the writer only needed to find a single index that could represent a
whole set of measures, the writer only presented the mean or the average point of the participants‘ opinions. The reason was because mean is the most stable of
three measures of central tendency compares to median and mode. To calculate the data, the assessment of the participants‘ opinion toward the
designed materials used ―Likert Scale‖, in which the participants were asked to
register their response on 5 agreements as follows: : a. SA
: Strongly Agree = 5
b. A : Agree
= 4 c. Db
: Doubtful = 3
d. D : Disagree
= 2 e. SD
: Strongly Disagree = 1
After the da ta of respondents‘ opinion analyzed, the writer tended to revise
the design based on the information got. And the final revision was done as make sure that the design is appropriate to the staff of Bantul CBR.
50
No Respondent‘s
evaluation Degree agreement
N Mean
Central Tendency
1 2
3 4
5 1
2
Table 3.1 . Example of respondents’ evaluation on the speaking instructional materials.
G. Research Procedures
