with a bullet would go as follows: John was a record-setting runner and as fast as a speeding bullet.
3. Personification
According to Perrine, personification consists in giving the attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. It is really a subtype
comparison is always human being.
28
Personification is a type of metaphor in which distinctive human characteristics, e.g., honesty, emotion, volition, etc., are
attributed to an animal, object or idea, as The haughty lion surveyed his realm or My car was happy to be washed or Fate frowned on his endeavors.
Personification is commonly used in allegory.
29
4. Apostrophe
Apostrophe consists in addressing someone absent or dead or something nonhuman as if that person or thing were present and alive and could reply to
what is being said.
30
In other word, according to Judith A Stanford, apostrophe means someone speaks directly to inanimate object or place.
31
Barnet defines apostrophe as an address to a person or thing not literary listening.
5. Symbol
A symbol may be roughly defined as something that is means more than what it is. A symbol is any object or action that represents something beyond
28
Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP 1992, op. cit. p. 64. http:www.angelfire.comct2evenskipoetryfiguresofspeech.html, accessed on
November 6, 2009
30
Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP 1992, op. cit. p. 65.
31
Judith A. Stanford, Responding to Literature: Stories, Poems, Plays, and Essays 5
th
edition, New York: McGraw-Hil, 2006, p.50.
itself. A rose, for example, can represent beauty or love or transience. A tree may represent a family’s root or branches. Light may symbolize hope or knowledge or
life. These are familiar symbols may represent different, event opposite things, depending on how they are deployed in particular poem. Thus, the meaning of any
symbol, whether an object, an action, or a gesture, is controlled by its context.
32
6. Allegory
Allegory is a form of narrative in which people, places, and happenings have hidden or symbolic meaning.
33
Allegory is narrative or description that a second meaning beneath the surface. Allegory has defined sometimes as an
extended metaphor and sometimes as a series of related symbols. But it is usually distinguishable from both of these. In allegory there is usually a one-to-one
correspondence between the details may have more than one meaning, but these meanings tend to be definite. Meaning do not ray out from allegory as they do
from a symbol.
34
7. Paradox
Paradox is apparently true statements or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which defies intuition. Typically, the statements in
question do not really imply the contradiction, the puzzling result is not really a contradiction, or the premises themselves are not all really true or can not all be
true together.
32
Robert DiYanni 2002, op. cit. p. 715.
33
Ibid. p. 717. Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP 1992, op. cit. p. 88.
A paradox is an apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true. When Alexander Pope wrote that a literary critic of his time would “damn with
faint praise,” he was using a verbal paradox, for how can a man damn by praising? The value of paradox is its shock value. It seeming impossibly startles the reader
into attention and, by the fact of its apparent absurdity, underscores the truth of what is being said.
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8. Overstatement or Hyperbole
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