either, some, any, many, few, all, none, relative pronoun is a pronoun that relates to an antecedent and at the same time joins to it a limiting or
qualifying clause who, which, what, that. 8.
Interjection An interjection is a word used, independently of all grammatical relation,
to express strong feeling or to awaken attention or interest: Ah Hallo Ho Alas Various parts of speech may be used as exclamations to
express surprise or sudden emotion or intense feeling of any kind. They have the force of interjections and are called exclamatory nouns or
adjectives, etc.: What Never Good Heavens Mercy
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C. Phrases
A phrase is a group of related words that does not have a subject and a predicate. A phrase performs the function of a single part of speech. A phrase is often
thought of simply as a multiword unit, contrasting with the single word. In English there are five types of phrases, according to the grammar of the key
word or head. The head word is often the first word of the phrase.
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Phrase may be classified by the type of head word. 1.
Prepositional phrase A phrase with a preposition as head word and followed by a noun or
pronoun object. For example: In love, in the classroom, after dinner. 2.
Noun phrase
15
Ibid. p. 56.
16
Muhammad Farkhan, Introduction to Linguistics Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Press, 2006 p. 82
Noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as head word with other modifying words on either side of it. The noun phrase is premodified by determiners
and adjectives one or more. The most common modifiers of nouns are adjectives. For example: The nice boy, a girl in the car.
3. Verb phrase
Verb phrase is a phrase with a verb as head word and one or more auxiliary verbs. For example: Read text books, pull out.
4. Adjective phrase
Adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as head word. For example: Full of toys.
5. Adverbial phrase
Adverbial phrase is a phrase with adverb as head word. For example: Very carefully, too hot.
D. Language Function
Jakobson 1960 in Pesona Bahasa classified function of the language into six kinds:
1 Expressive Function. This function is oriented to the speaker or the
writer as the news sender. The most important thing here is the feeling of the creator, not the response of the reader or news receiver. Poetry,
novel, drama can be the example of this function. 2
Informative function. The main idea of informative function is external situation; the expression being said or written is oriented to the fact of a
topics or reality outside the language, including report text of a particular
theory or idea. This kind of text is usually use contemporary, nonregional and nonclass language style.
3 Vocative function. The center of attention in vocative text is the reader or
the news receiver. Vocative means invite, appeal the news receiver to act, think, feel or react as the text wants.
4 Aesthetic function. The main purpose of the text that has aesthetic
function is to give satisfy feeling and happy, through the rhyme or metaphor.
5 Phatic function. It is usually used as an instrument to communicate and
make more personal greeting among the language user. In English, there are many phatic expressions like “have a nice day”, “it’s hot today” etc.
6 Metalingual function. It is the language usage for language itself such as
language for explaining, defining, etc. Metalingual function is universal.
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Based on the speaker, language has personal function. Jacobson called it emotive function. Emotive function means that the speaker not only expresses
the emotion through the language but also shows the emotion when saying the utterances.
Based on the listener, language has the directive function. It means that language can lead listener’s behaviour. In this case, language is not only to make the
listener do something but also do something based on what the speaker wants.
17
Kushartanti, et al., Pesona Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005, p. 51
Based on the contact between the speaker and the listener, language has phatic function. Language here has the function to build a relationship, maintain and
show friendly attitude and social solidarity. Based on the topics, language has referential function. In this case, language has
the function as an instrument to describe an object or event around the speaker. This function gives a concept that language is an instrument to state the thought,
to state how speaker opinion about the environment around him is. Based on the message, language has the imaginative function. Language is used
to deliver the thought, idea, feeling, whether it is the real or imaginative things like poetry, fairy tale, etc. This function is similar to informative and expressive
function.
E. Factors Influencing Code Mixing
