Problem Formulation Problem Limitation

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will discuss the theories that underlie the research. It consists of two parts namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description discusses the underlying theories that are related to the implementation of contextual guessing strategy in vocabulary learning. Theoretical framework discusses a framework based on the theoretical description that has been discussed previously.

A. Theoretical Description

Theoretical description provides the theoretical review related to the issue of the research. There are three main issues raised in this research, namely vocabulary teaching and learning, learning autonomy, and classroom action research CAR. The discussion of those three issues is based on the previous literatures and researches.

1. Vocabulary Teaching and Learning

In this part, the researcher provides four theories that underlie the discussion of vocabulary teaching and learning. Those are reasons for vocabulary teaching and learning, contextual guessing strategy, teaching materials, and teaching and learning activities.

a. Reasons for Vocabulary Teaching and Learning

Before getting into the discussion on the reasons for vocabulary teaching and learning it is wise to be knowledgeable about what vocabulary is first. Vocabulary is understood as all words in a language Read, 2000:16. However, people may have different interpretations on distinguishing what a word is from another Nation, 1990:2 9. As it is elaborated by Carroll Carroll et al., 1971 cited in Nation, 1990, words are differentiated based on their form. In addition, the presence of capital letter is considered as different word. Nonetheless, Carroll’s definition is slightly different from those defined by Read 2000. Read elaborates that in the case of, for example, wait, waits, waited, waiting, and society, societies, society’s, societies’, those words are normally be regarded as the same word but with different forms. Meanwhile, different from those two definitions, words in the dictionary are distinguished based on the meanings Nation, 1990: 30. In the present research, it will not be debated whose definition is the most correct. Rather, the discussion given on it is simply directed to provide better conception of what a word is. Furthermore, as it is stated by Dale and O’Rourke 1971: 9, mastering vocabulary implies not only knowing and understanding the meaning of the vocabulary but also the use of it. Carter 1998: 239 proposes seven characteristics of knowing a word of second or foreign language.