Aktivitas Antibakteri Hasil Hidrolisis Enzimatik Minyak Kelapa Murni Dan Minyak Inti Sawit Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus Dan Salmonella thypi Serta Escherichia coli
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aehle, W. (2004). Enzyme in Industry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Halaman 149155.
Bawalan, D.D., dan Chapman, K.R. (2006). Virgin Coconut Oil, Production
Manual for Micro- and Village-Scale Processing. Bangkok: FAO
Regional Office for Asia and the Pasific, Food and Agriculture
Organization of United Nations. Halaman 27-53.
Banigo, E.O.I., dan Ogunlesi, A. (1977). Manufacture of Palm Kernel Oil Using
Traditional Coconut Oil Processing System. Journal of the American Oil
Chemists Society. 54 (12): 311-317
Boyer, R. (1986). Modern Experimental Biochemistry. California: The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. Halaman 361-371.
Comalada, M., Bailo, E., de Haro, O., Lara, V.F., dan Antonio, J.X. (2006). The
Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Colon Epithelial Proliferation and
Survival Depend on the Cellular Phenotype. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol.
132: 487–497.
Darmoyuwono, W. (2006), Gaya Hidup Sehat dengan Virgin Coconut Oil.
Jakarta: Penerbit PT Indeks Kelompok Gramedia. Halaman 19-32, 46-48,
51-70.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi IV. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 891-899.
Ekwenye, U.N., dan Ijeomah, C.A. (2005). Antimicrobial Effects of Palm Kernel
Oil and Palm Oil. KMITL Sci. J. 5(2): 502-505.
Enig, M.G. (1996). Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil: An
Important Functional Food for the 21st Century. Vietnam: AVOC Lauric
Oil Symposium. Halaman 8-11.
Enig, M.G. (2010). Health and Nutrition Benefits from Coconut Oil and Its
Advantages Over Competing Oils. Indian Coconut Journal. 9(10): 9-15.
Ginting, D.P. (2008). Pembuatan dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Krim Minyak
Kelapa Murni (VCO/Virgin Coconut Oil) Terhadap Staphylococcus
aureus ATCC 29737 dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25619. Skripsi.
Fakultas Farmasi. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan.
Gillespie, S., dan Bamford, K. (2009). At a Glance: Mikrobiologi Medis dan
Infeksi. Edisi ketiga. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga Medical Series. Halaman
32-33, 108-109.
54
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hijova, E., dan Chmelarova, A. (2007). A Short Fatty Acids and Colonic Health.
Bratisl Lek Listy. 108(8): 354-358.
Hiroyuki, T., Sekine, S., Kojima, K., dan Aoyama, T. (2008). The Application of
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids: Edible Oil With a Suppressing Effect on
Body Fat Accumulation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 17(51): 320-323.
Kabara, J.J., Swieczkowski, D.M., Conley, A.J. dan Truant, J.P. (1972). Fatty
Acids and Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. Antimicrobial Agents
Chemotheraphy. 2(1): 23-28.
Kabara, J.J. (1984). Antimicrobial Agents Derived From Fatty Acids. Journal of
The American Oil Chemist Society. 61(2): 397-403
Kabara, J.J. (2005). Pharmacological Effects of Coconut Oil vs. Monoglycerides.
International News on Fats, Oils and Related Materials: INFORM; 16(6):
386-389.
Lieberman, S., Enig, M.G., dan Preuss, H.G. (2006). A Review of Monolaurin
and Lauric Acid: Natural Virucidal and Bactericidal Agents. Alternative
and Complementary Therapies. 9(14): 310-314.
Marina, A.M., Che Man, Y.B., Nazimah, S.A.H., dan Amin, I. (2009). Chemical
Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 86:301-307
Mc. Kee, T.,dan Mc. Kee, J.R. (2003). Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis Of
Life. Edisi III. Boston: The McGraw-Hill. Halaman 68-71.
Mc. Murry, J. (2008). Organic Chemistry. 7th Edition. Thomson Learning, Inc.
Halaman 1061-1065, 1130-1137
Meijer. K., de Vosb, P., dan Priebea, M.G. (2010). Butyrate and Other ShortChain Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immunity: What Relevance for
Health? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 13(1):715–721.
Mrema, G. (2005). Small-scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa. Agricultural
Support System Division. FAO Agricultural Service Bulletin. 143: 40-43.
Nakatsuji, T., Kao, M.C., Fang, J.Y., dan Zouboulis. (2009). Antimicrobial
Property of Lauric Acid Against Propionibacterium Acnes: Its Therapeutic
Potential for Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris. Journal of Investigative
Dermatology. 129(16): 2480-2488.
Nurliana. (2009). Prospek Makanan Tradisional Aceh Sebagai Makanan
Kesehatan: Eksplorasi Senyawa Antimikroba dari Minyak Pliek U dan
Pliek U. Disertasi. Program Studi Sains Veteriner, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana
Institut Pertanian Bogor.
55
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oxoid. (1998). The Oxoid Manual. The 8th Edition. England
Pantzaris, T.P., dan Ahmad, M.T. (2001). Properties and Utilization of Palm
Kernel Oil. Malaysian Palm Oil Board. 8(13): 11-23
Permata, Y.M. (2012). Pengaruh Hidrolisis Parsial Terhadap Aktivitas Antibakteri
Minyak Kelapa Murni. Tesis. Fakultas Farmasi. Universitas Sumatera
Utara. Medan.
Petschow, B.W., Batema, R.P., dan Ford, L.L. (1996). Susceptibility of
Helicobacter pylori to Bactericidal Properties of Medium-Chain
Monoglycerides and Free Fatty Acids. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 3(40): 302-306.
Sari, N. (2009). Efek Pemberian Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Terhadap Profil
Imunohistokimia Antioksidan Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Pada Jaringan
Ginjal Tikus Diabetes Mellitus. Skripsi. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan.
Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Sarwono, J. (2011). SPSS: Aplikasi Untuk Riset Eksperimental. Elex Media
Computindo. Halaman 173-190.
Satiawihardja, B. (2001). Studi Pembuatan Mentega Coklat Tiruan dari Minyak
Sawit dengan Proses Interesterifikasi Enzimatik. Jurnal Teknologi
Indonesia Pertanian. 10(3): 129-138.
Silalahi, J. (1999). Modification of Fats and Oils. Media Farmasi. 7(1): 1-16.
Silalahi, J. (2000). Hypocholesterolemic Factors in Foods. A Review. Indonesian
Food Nutrition Progress. 7 (I): 26-36
Silalahi, J., dan Nurbaya, S. (2011). Komposisi, Distribusi dan Sifat Aterogenik
Asam Lemak di dalam Minyak Kelapa dan Kelapa Sawit. J Indon Med
Assoc. 61(11): 453-457.
Silalahi, J., dan Nurbaya, S. (2011). Aterogenisitas dari Minyak dan Lemak di
dalam Makanan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi. FMIPA USU.
Medan: USU Press. Halaman 290-302.
Silalahi, J., dan Tampubolon, S.D.R. (2002). Asam Lemak Trans dalam Makanan
dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kesehatan. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri
Pangan. 8(2):184-188.
Skrivanova, E., Marounek, M., Benda, V.,dan Brezina, P. (2006). Susceptibility of
Eschericia coli, Salmonella sp. and Clostridium perfringens to Organic
Acids and Monolaurin. Veterinarni Medicina. 51(3):81-88.
Srivastava, P., dan Durgaprasad, S. (2008). Burn Wound Healing Property of
Cocosnucifera: An Appraisal. Indian J Pharmacol. 40(4): 144-146.
56
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sulistiyaningsih, Dewi, R., dan Sheli, O.Y. (2007). Aktivitas Antimikroba Minyak
Kelapa Murni dengan Beberapa Metode Pembuatan Terhadap
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Candida albicans
dengan Metode Difusi Agar. Farmaka. 5(1): 37-42.
Syah, A.N.A. (2005). Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT): Trigliserida Pada
Minyak Kelapa dan Pemanfaatannya. Proseding Seminar Nasional
Teknologi Inovatif. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen
Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. Bogor.
Ugbogu, O.C., Onyeagba, R.A., dan Chigbu, O.A. (2006). Lauric Acid Content
and Inhibitory Effect of Palm Kernel Oil on Two Bacterial Isolated and
Candida albicans. African Journal of Biotechnology. 5(11):1045-1047.
Vinolo, M.A.R., Rodrigues, H.G., Nachbar, R.T., dan Curi, R. (2011). Regulation
of Inflammation by Short Chain Fatty Acids. Nutrients. 3(5): 858-876.
Widiyarti, G., dan Hanafi, M. (2008). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Katalisis dan
Perbandingan Molaritas Reaktan Pada Sintesis Senyawa α-Monolaurin.
Reaktor. 12(2):90-97.
Widiyarti, G., Hanafi, M., dan Suwarso, W.P. (2009). Study on The Synthesis of
Monolaurin as Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus aureus. Indo.
J. Chem. 9(1): 99-106.
Willis, W.M., Lencki, R.W., dan Marangoni, G. (1998). Lipid Modification
Strategies in The Production of Nutritionally Functional Fats and Oils.
Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition. 38(8): 639-674
Villeneuve, P., dan Foglia, F.A. (1997). Lipase Specificities: Potential Application
in Lipid Bioconversion. Inform. 8(6): 640-650.
57
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Aehle, W. (2004). Enzyme in Industry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Halaman 149155.
Bawalan, D.D., dan Chapman, K.R. (2006). Virgin Coconut Oil, Production
Manual for Micro- and Village-Scale Processing. Bangkok: FAO
Regional Office for Asia and the Pasific, Food and Agriculture
Organization of United Nations. Halaman 27-53.
Banigo, E.O.I., dan Ogunlesi, A. (1977). Manufacture of Palm Kernel Oil Using
Traditional Coconut Oil Processing System. Journal of the American Oil
Chemists Society. 54 (12): 311-317
Boyer, R. (1986). Modern Experimental Biochemistry. California: The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. Halaman 361-371.
Comalada, M., Bailo, E., de Haro, O., Lara, V.F., dan Antonio, J.X. (2006). The
Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Colon Epithelial Proliferation and
Survival Depend on the Cellular Phenotype. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol.
132: 487–497.
Darmoyuwono, W. (2006), Gaya Hidup Sehat dengan Virgin Coconut Oil.
Jakarta: Penerbit PT Indeks Kelompok Gramedia. Halaman 19-32, 46-48,
51-70.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi IV. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 891-899.
Ekwenye, U.N., dan Ijeomah, C.A. (2005). Antimicrobial Effects of Palm Kernel
Oil and Palm Oil. KMITL Sci. J. 5(2): 502-505.
Enig, M.G. (1996). Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil: An
Important Functional Food for the 21st Century. Vietnam: AVOC Lauric
Oil Symposium. Halaman 8-11.
Enig, M.G. (2010). Health and Nutrition Benefits from Coconut Oil and Its
Advantages Over Competing Oils. Indian Coconut Journal. 9(10): 9-15.
Ginting, D.P. (2008). Pembuatan dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Krim Minyak
Kelapa Murni (VCO/Virgin Coconut Oil) Terhadap Staphylococcus
aureus ATCC 29737 dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25619. Skripsi.
Fakultas Farmasi. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan.
Gillespie, S., dan Bamford, K. (2009). At a Glance: Mikrobiologi Medis dan
Infeksi. Edisi ketiga. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga Medical Series. Halaman
32-33, 108-109.
54
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hijova, E., dan Chmelarova, A. (2007). A Short Fatty Acids and Colonic Health.
Bratisl Lek Listy. 108(8): 354-358.
Hiroyuki, T., Sekine, S., Kojima, K., dan Aoyama, T. (2008). The Application of
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids: Edible Oil With a Suppressing Effect on
Body Fat Accumulation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 17(51): 320-323.
Kabara, J.J., Swieczkowski, D.M., Conley, A.J. dan Truant, J.P. (1972). Fatty
Acids and Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. Antimicrobial Agents
Chemotheraphy. 2(1): 23-28.
Kabara, J.J. (1984). Antimicrobial Agents Derived From Fatty Acids. Journal of
The American Oil Chemist Society. 61(2): 397-403
Kabara, J.J. (2005). Pharmacological Effects of Coconut Oil vs. Monoglycerides.
International News on Fats, Oils and Related Materials: INFORM; 16(6):
386-389.
Lieberman, S., Enig, M.G., dan Preuss, H.G. (2006). A Review of Monolaurin
and Lauric Acid: Natural Virucidal and Bactericidal Agents. Alternative
and Complementary Therapies. 9(14): 310-314.
Marina, A.M., Che Man, Y.B., Nazimah, S.A.H., dan Amin, I. (2009). Chemical
Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 86:301-307
Mc. Kee, T.,dan Mc. Kee, J.R. (2003). Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis Of
Life. Edisi III. Boston: The McGraw-Hill. Halaman 68-71.
Mc. Murry, J. (2008). Organic Chemistry. 7th Edition. Thomson Learning, Inc.
Halaman 1061-1065, 1130-1137
Meijer. K., de Vosb, P., dan Priebea, M.G. (2010). Butyrate and Other ShortChain Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immunity: What Relevance for
Health? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 13(1):715–721.
Mrema, G. (2005). Small-scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa. Agricultural
Support System Division. FAO Agricultural Service Bulletin. 143: 40-43.
Nakatsuji, T., Kao, M.C., Fang, J.Y., dan Zouboulis. (2009). Antimicrobial
Property of Lauric Acid Against Propionibacterium Acnes: Its Therapeutic
Potential for Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris. Journal of Investigative
Dermatology. 129(16): 2480-2488.
Nurliana. (2009). Prospek Makanan Tradisional Aceh Sebagai Makanan
Kesehatan: Eksplorasi Senyawa Antimikroba dari Minyak Pliek U dan
Pliek U. Disertasi. Program Studi Sains Veteriner, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana
Institut Pertanian Bogor.
55
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oxoid. (1998). The Oxoid Manual. The 8th Edition. England
Pantzaris, T.P., dan Ahmad, M.T. (2001). Properties and Utilization of Palm
Kernel Oil. Malaysian Palm Oil Board. 8(13): 11-23
Permata, Y.M. (2012). Pengaruh Hidrolisis Parsial Terhadap Aktivitas Antibakteri
Minyak Kelapa Murni. Tesis. Fakultas Farmasi. Universitas Sumatera
Utara. Medan.
Petschow, B.W., Batema, R.P., dan Ford, L.L. (1996). Susceptibility of
Helicobacter pylori to Bactericidal Properties of Medium-Chain
Monoglycerides and Free Fatty Acids. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 3(40): 302-306.
Sari, N. (2009). Efek Pemberian Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Terhadap Profil
Imunohistokimia Antioksidan Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Pada Jaringan
Ginjal Tikus Diabetes Mellitus. Skripsi. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan.
Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Sarwono, J. (2011). SPSS: Aplikasi Untuk Riset Eksperimental. Elex Media
Computindo. Halaman 173-190.
Satiawihardja, B. (2001). Studi Pembuatan Mentega Coklat Tiruan dari Minyak
Sawit dengan Proses Interesterifikasi Enzimatik. Jurnal Teknologi
Indonesia Pertanian. 10(3): 129-138.
Silalahi, J. (1999). Modification of Fats and Oils. Media Farmasi. 7(1): 1-16.
Silalahi, J. (2000). Hypocholesterolemic Factors in Foods. A Review. Indonesian
Food Nutrition Progress. 7 (I): 26-36
Silalahi, J., dan Nurbaya, S. (2011). Komposisi, Distribusi dan Sifat Aterogenik
Asam Lemak di dalam Minyak Kelapa dan Kelapa Sawit. J Indon Med
Assoc. 61(11): 453-457.
Silalahi, J., dan Nurbaya, S. (2011). Aterogenisitas dari Minyak dan Lemak di
dalam Makanan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi. FMIPA USU.
Medan: USU Press. Halaman 290-302.
Silalahi, J., dan Tampubolon, S.D.R. (2002). Asam Lemak Trans dalam Makanan
dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kesehatan. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri
Pangan. 8(2):184-188.
Skrivanova, E., Marounek, M., Benda, V.,dan Brezina, P. (2006). Susceptibility of
Eschericia coli, Salmonella sp. and Clostridium perfringens to Organic
Acids and Monolaurin. Veterinarni Medicina. 51(3):81-88.
Srivastava, P., dan Durgaprasad, S. (2008). Burn Wound Healing Property of
Cocosnucifera: An Appraisal. Indian J Pharmacol. 40(4): 144-146.
56
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sulistiyaningsih, Dewi, R., dan Sheli, O.Y. (2007). Aktivitas Antimikroba Minyak
Kelapa Murni dengan Beberapa Metode Pembuatan Terhadap
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Candida albicans
dengan Metode Difusi Agar. Farmaka. 5(1): 37-42.
Syah, A.N.A. (2005). Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT): Trigliserida Pada
Minyak Kelapa dan Pemanfaatannya. Proseding Seminar Nasional
Teknologi Inovatif. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen
Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. Bogor.
Ugbogu, O.C., Onyeagba, R.A., dan Chigbu, O.A. (2006). Lauric Acid Content
and Inhibitory Effect of Palm Kernel Oil on Two Bacterial Isolated and
Candida albicans. African Journal of Biotechnology. 5(11):1045-1047.
Vinolo, M.A.R., Rodrigues, H.G., Nachbar, R.T., dan Curi, R. (2011). Regulation
of Inflammation by Short Chain Fatty Acids. Nutrients. 3(5): 858-876.
Widiyarti, G., dan Hanafi, M. (2008). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Katalisis dan
Perbandingan Molaritas Reaktan Pada Sintesis Senyawa α-Monolaurin.
Reaktor. 12(2):90-97.
Widiyarti, G., Hanafi, M., dan Suwarso, W.P. (2009). Study on The Synthesis of
Monolaurin as Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus aureus. Indo.
J. Chem. 9(1): 99-106.
Willis, W.M., Lencki, R.W., dan Marangoni, G. (1998). Lipid Modification
Strategies in The Production of Nutritionally Functional Fats and Oils.
Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition. 38(8): 639-674
Villeneuve, P., dan Foglia, F.A. (1997). Lipase Specificities: Potential Application
in Lipid Bioconversion. Inform. 8(6): 640-650.
57
Universitas Sumatera Utara