Menyajikan Makalah Trend Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Prestasi Siswa Indonesia dalam Studi PISA

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D E P A R T E M E N P E N D I D I K A N N A S I O N A L

B A D A N P E N E L I T I A N D A N P E N G E M B A N G A N

PUSAT PENILAIAN PENDIDIKAN

SERTIFIKAT

d i b e r ik a n k e p a d a :

Dr. Samsul Hadi

A t a s p a r tis i p a s i n y a s e b a g a i

PEMBICARA

d a la m :

Seminar Mutu Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah

Hasil Penelitian Pusat Penilaian Pendidikan

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TREND FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRESTASI SISWA

INDONESIA DALAM STUDI PISA

Oleh:

Samsul Hadi

PUSAT PENILAIAN PENDIDIKAN

BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN

DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

2009

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TREND FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRESTASI SISWA

**INDONESIA DALAM STUDI PISA *)**

Abstrak

P e n e l i t i a n i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e n g e t a h u i : ( 1 ) p r e s t a s i s i s w a b e r d a s a r k a n d a t a

P I S A

(Programme f o r International Student Assessm ent)

t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 , 2 0 0 6 ;

( 2 ) t r e n d p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s s i s w a b e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 , 2 0 0 6 ; ( 3 ) f a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g d a p a t m e m p e n g a r u h i p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a i n s s i s w a b e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 , d a n 2 0 0 6 .

P o p u l a s i p e n e l i t i a n a d a l a h s e l u r u h s i s w a u s i a 15 t a h u n y a n g m e n g i k u t i P I S A p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 d a n 2 0 0 6 . J u m l a h r e s p o n d e n P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 s e b a n y a k 7 3 6 8 ,

t a h u n 2 0 0 3 s e b a n y a k 1 0 7 6 1 d a n t a h u n 2 0 0 6 s e b a n y a k 1 0 6 4 7 . M e t o d e

p e n g u m p u l a n d a t a m e n g g u n a k a n d o k u m e n t a s i P I S A y a n g t e r s i m p a n d i

P u s p e n d i k . A n a l i s i s d a t a d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n m e n g e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n

m a t e m a t i k a , m e m b a c a , d a n s a i n s k e t i g a p e r i o d e P I S A s e k a l i g u s m e n g g u n a k a n m o d e l R a s c h d e n g a n p r o g r a m Q U E S T . H a s i l e s t i m a s i k e m u d i a n d i u b a h d a l a m s k a l a 1 0 0 m e n g g u n a k a n t r a n s f o r m a s i l i n e a r . A n a l i s i s d a t a d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n

a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f d a n a n a l i s i s j a l u r d e n g a n S E M

multi-group.

H a s i l p e n e l i t i a n m e n u n j u k k a n p r e s t a s i m a t e m a t i k a s e l a l u m e m i l i k i s k o r r e r a t a p a l i n g r e n d a h d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n s k o r m e m b a c a d a n s a in s . J u m l a h s i s w a y a n g m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m a u p u n s k o r r e r a t a p a d a P I S A m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a i n m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n . R e r a t a p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a t e s P I S A 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 , d a n 2 0 0 6 b e r t u r u t - t u r u t a d a la h : 4 3 ,8 ; 4 8 ,3 ; d a n 4 6 ,1 . R e r a t a p r e s t a s i m a t e m a t i k a t e s P I S A p a d a k e t i g a p e r i o d e y a n g s a m a a d a l a h : 3 8 ,8 ; 4 0 ,5 ; d a n 4 2 ,8 ; s e d a n g k a n r e r a t a p r e s t a s i s a i n s y a n g a d a s e b e s a r : 4 5 ,6 ; 4 6 ,4 ; d a n 4 7 ,1 . F a k t o r y a n g s e c a r a k o n s i s t e n s i g n i f i k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a a d a l a h k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , d a n a b a n t u a n s p o n s o r , d a n j u m l a h k o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a ; s e d a n g k a n f a k t o r y a n g s e c a r a k o n s i s t e n s i g n i f i k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n s a in s a d a l a h k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a , d a n f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n .

K a t a k u n c i : P I S A , m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a , s a in s

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I. PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang

Programm e fo r International Student Assessm ent

( P I S A ) m e r u p a k a n u s a h a

k o l a b o r a t i f a n t a r n e g a r a a n g g o t a O E C D

(Organisation f o r Econom ic Co

Operation and Development)

u n t u k m e n g u k u r h a s i l s i s t e m p e n d i d i k a n p a d a p r e s t a s i b e l a j a r s i s w a y a n g b e r u s i a 15 t a h u n . A s e s m e n i n i t i d a k s e k e d a r t e r f o k u s p a d a s e j a u h m a n a s i s w a t e l a h m e n g u a s a i k u r i k u l u m s e k o l a h , t e t a p i m e l i h a t k e m a m p u a n s i s w a u n t u k m e n g g u n a k a n p e n g e t a h u a n d a n k e t e r a m p i l a n y a n g

d i p e r o l e h s i s w a d a l a m k e h i d u p a n s e h a r i - h a r i . O r i e n t a s i i n i m e n c e r m i n k a n

p e r u b a h a n t u j u a n k u r i k u l u m , y a n g s e m a k i n m e n g a r a h p a d a a p a y a n g d a p a t d i l a k u k a n s i s w a d e n g a n m a t e r i y a n g t e l a h d i p e l a j a r i d i s e k o l a h .

P I S A m e r u p a k a n s u r v e i y a n g p e l a k s a n a a n n y a m e m b u t u h k a n b a n y a k s u m b e r d a y a , s e c a r a m e t o d o l o g i s a n g a t k o m p l e k s , d a n m e m b u t u h k a n k e r j a s a m a y a n g i n t e n s i f

d e n g a n

stakeholders.

D a t a P I S A m e m b e r i b a n y a k i n f o r m a s i y a n g b e r h a r g a , o l e h

k a r e n a i t u s a n g a t d i s a y a n g k a n j i k a d a t a y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i P I S A t i d a k d i a n a l i s i s d a n d i m a n f a a t k a n u n t u k i n t r o s k e p s i d a n k o r e k s i t e r h a d a p s i s t e m p e n d i d i k a n d i I n d o n e s i a . M e l a l u i p e n e l i t i a n i n i , d i k a j i d a t a p r e s t a s i s i s w a d a n f a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i p r e s t a s i s i s w a t e r s e b u t d a r i d o k u m e n h a s i l P I S A .

B. Tujuan Penelitian

D e n g a n m e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n p o t e n s i d a t a P I S A 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 , d a n 2 0 0 6 p e n e l i t i a n i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k :

1. M e n g e t a h u i d e s k r i p s i p r e s t a s i s i s w a b e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 , 2 0 0 6 .

2 . M e n g e t a h u i t r e n d p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s s i s w a

b e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 , 2 0 0 6 .

3 . M e n g e t a h u i f a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a ,

m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s s i s w a b e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 , 2 0 0 6 .

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II. METODE PENELITIAN

A. Instrumen Penelitian

I n s t r u m e n p e n e l i t i a n y a n g d i g u n a k a n P I S A b e r u p a t e s d a n a n g k e t . T e s P I S A 2 0 0 0 m e n g u k u r k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a s e b a g a i d o m a i n m a y o r d e n g a n d o m a i n m i n o r m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s . T e s P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 3 m e n g u k u r k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a s e b a g a i d o m a i n m a y o r , s e d a n g k a n m e m b a c a , s a in s , s e r t a p r o b l e m s o l v i n g s e b a g a i d o m a i n m i n o r . T e s P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 6 m e m p u n y a i d o m a i n m a y o r s a i n , s e d a n g k a n d o m a i n m i n o r n y a a d a l a h m e m b a c a d a n m a t e m a t i k a . ( O E C D , 2 0 0 5 : 1 3 ).

A n g k e t P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 m e n j a r i n g d a t a t e n t a n g k a r a k t e r i s t i k s i s w a d a n k e l u a r g a n y a , p e n g a l a m a n d i s e k o l a h , d a n r e n c a n a k e r j a p a d a m a s a y a n g a k a n d a t a n g . A n g k e t P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 3 m e n g u n g k a p t e n t a n g : ( a ) k a r a k t e r i s t i k s i s w a d a n k e l u a r g a n y a ; ( b ) p e n d i d i k a n s i s w a ; ( c ) s e k o l a h s i s w a ; ( d ) g a y a b e l a j a r m a t e m a t i k ; d a n ( e ) p e l a j a r a n m a t e m a t i k d i s e k o l a h . A n g k e t P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 6 m e n g u n g k a p t e n t a n g : ( a ) k a r a k t e r i s t i k s i s w a d a n k e l u a r g a n y a ; ( b ) c a r a p a n d a n g s i s w a t e r h a d a p b e r b a g a i i s u y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n s a in ; ( c ) l i n g k u n g a n s i s w a ; ( d ) k a r i e r d a n s a i n s u m u m ; ( e ) w a k t u u n t u k b e l a j a r ; d a n ( f) p r o s e s b e l a j a r d a n m e n g a j a r s a in s . P e n g u m p u l a n d a t a p e n e l i t i a n m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d e d o k u m e n t a s i y a i t u d e n g a n m e m a n f a a t k a n s e m u a d o k u m e n P I S A y a n g t e r s i m p a n p a d a d a t a b a s e P u s p e n d i k .

B. Sampel

P o p u l a s i p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h s e l u r u h s i s w a y a n g b e r u s i a 15 t a h u n p a d a s a a t d i l a k u k a n t e s P I S A . T e k n i k s a m p l i n g y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h

two-stage stratified sam pling

. T a h a p p e r t a m a d i l a k u k a n s a m p l i n g p a d a u n i t s e k o l a h d a n t a h a p k e d u a d i l a k u k a n s a m p l i n g p a d a s is w a . J u m l a h s e k o l a h y a n g d i j a d i k a n s a m p e l p e n e l i t i a n i n i s e t i a p t a h u n b e r b e d a . J u m l a h s i s w a y a n g t e r p i l i h s e b a g a i s a m p e l s e t i a p t a h u n j u g a b e r b e d a . K e r a n g k a s a m p e l p e n e l i t i a n d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 2.

T a b e l 2: K e r a n g k a S a m p e l P e n e l i t i a n B e r d a s a r k a n J u m l a h D a t a V a l i d

T a h u n J u m l a h S e k o l a h J u m l a h S i s w a

2 0 0 0 2 9 0 7 3 6 8

2 0 0 3 3 4 6 1 0 7 6 1

2 0 0 6 3 5 2 1 0 6 4 7

C. Metode Analisis Data

A n a l i s i s d a t a d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n b e b e r a p a c a r a y a i t u a n a l i s i s d a t a p e n d a h u l u a n , a n a l i s i s d a t a d e s k r i p t i f k u a n t i t a t i f d a n a n a l i s i s d a t a s t a t i s t i k i n f e r e n s i a l . A n a l i s i s d a t a p e n d a h u l u a n m e l i p u t i e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a , m e m b a c a , d a n s a in s

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d e n g a n p r o g r a m Q U E S T . H a s i l e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n t e r s e b u t m e m p u n y a i h a r g a s e k i t a r -3 s a m p a i + 3 . U n t u k m e m u d a h k a n p e m a h a m a n , h a s i l e s t i m a s i k e m u d i a n d i u b a h d a l a m s k a l a 1 0 0 m e n g g u n a k a n t r a n s f o r m a s i l i n e a r d e n g a n r u m u s Y = m + S X , d i m a n a Y = s k o r b a r u , S = r e n t a n g b a r u y a n g d i i n g i n k a n : r e n t a n g a w a l , m = ( n i l a i m i n i m a l b a r u y a n g d i i n g i n k a n - n i l a i m i n i m a l a w a l ) x n i l a i S , d a n X a d a l a h s k o r k e m a m p u a n a w a l . S k o r s k a l a 1 0 0 t e r s e b u t k e m u d i a n d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n b a t a s k e l u l u s a n 4 ,2 5 s e s u a i d e n g a n k e p u t u s a n B S N P N O 1 5 1 2 / B S N P / X I I / 2 0 0 8 . A n a l i s i s d a t a d e s k r i p t i f d i l a k u k a n u n t u k m e n g h i t u n g d i s t r i b u s i f r e k u e n s i , m e a n ,

m e d i a n d a n m o d u s . A n a l i s i s j a l u r d e n g a n S E M

(Structural Equation M odelling)

d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e l i h a t m o d e l s t r u k t u r a l s e m u a v a r i a b e l y a n g d i p r e d i k s i b e r p e n g a r u h t e r h a d a p p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s .

III. HASIL PENELITIAN

A. Deskripsi Prestasi Siswa

P r e s t a s i s i s w a p a d a p e n g u k u r a n P I S A d i l a p o r k a n s e c a r a d e s k r i p t i f k u a n t i t a t i f m e n u r u t t a h u n p e n y e l e n g g a r a a n y a i t u t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 d a n 2 0 0 6 . S e c a r a b e r t u r u t - t u r u t h a s i l a n a l i s i s d a t a d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a p a p a r a n b e r i k u t in i:

1. Prestasi Siswa pada PISA tahun 2000.

H a s i l a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f d a t a s k o r t e s P I S A y a n g s u d a h d i t r a n s f o r m a s i m e n j a d i s k o r l i n e a r s k a l a 0 - 1 0 0 d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 5.

H a s i l a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f p a d a T a b e l 5 t e r d a p a t h a m p i r s e p a r o h d a t a p e n g u k u r a n k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a ( 4 8 ,8 % ) d a n d a t a p e n g u k u r a n k e m a m p u a n s a in s ( 4 7 ,2 % ) m e n g a l a m i m i s s i n g , y a n g m e n u n j u k k a n d a t a t e r s e b u t t i d a k t e r i s i d e n g a n l e n g k a p . D e n g a n k o n d i s i y a n g d e m i k i a n , s u p a y a t i d a k t e r j a d i b i a s d a l a m m e n g a m b i l k e s i m p u l a n , a n a l i s i s d a t a b e r i k u t n y a h a n y a d i l a k u k a n p a d a d a t a y a n g v a li d .

T a b e l 5: H a s i l A n a l i s i s D e s k r i p t i f P r e s t a s i P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0

M e m b a c a ( 0 - 1 0 0 )

M a t e m a t i k a ( 0 - 1 0 0 )

S a i n s ( 0 - 1 0 0 )

N V a l i d 7 2 9 7 3 7 7 1 3 8 9 0

M i s s i n g 71 3 5 9 7 3 4 7 8

M e a n 4 3 , 7 8 2 4 3 7 ,8 4 9 6 4 5 , 6 3 0 4

M e d i a n 4 3 , 9 3 1 4 3 7 .4 0 8 3 4 5 ,0 9 5 5

M o d e 5 1 ,0 6 3 8 ,8 8 4 7 , 9 0

S td . D e v i a t i o n 1 1 ,1 7 4 1 4 1 2 ,0 2 8 4 9 1 2 ,6 9 0 6 5

M i n i m u m .0 0 8 ,9 2 9 ,5 5

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H a s i l a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f m e n u n j u k k a n s k o r r e r a t a ( m e a n ) P I S A m a t e m a t i k a t a h u n 2 0 0 0 p a l i n g r e n d a h ( 3 7 .8 4 9 6 ) d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n s k o r r e r a t a m e m b a c a ( 4 3 .7 8 2 4 ) d a n s a in s ( 4 5 .6 3 0 4 ) . S k o r m a t e m a t i k a y a n g m e m i l i k i f r e k u e n s i t e r b a n y a k ( m o d e ) a d a l a h 3 8 ,8 8 . S k o r r e r a t a d a n m e d i a n p a d a s e m u a s u b p e n g u k u r a n h a m p i r s a m a s e h i n g g a m e n u n j u k k a n s e b a r a n d a t a m e n d e k a t i d i s t r i b u s i n o r m a l .

D a t a p r e s t a s i s i s w a p a d a s e t i a p p e n g u k u r a n k e m a m p u a n k e m u d i a n d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n d a r i B S N P . K a t e g o r i L u l u s / T i d a k L u l u s b e r d a s a r k a n k e p u t u s a n B S N P N O 1 5 1 2 / B S N P / X I I / 2 0 0 8 t e n t a n g s y a r a t k e l u l u s a n U N y a i t u n i l a i r a t a - r a t a m i n i m a l 5 .5 ( 5 5 p a d a s k a l a 1 0 0 ) d e n g a n t i d a k a d a n i l a i d i b a w a h 4 ,2 5 ( 4 2 ,5 p a d a s k a l a 1 0 0 ) . B e r d a s a r k a n k e t e n t u a n y a n g t e l a h d i t e t a p k a n o l e h B S N P t e r s e b u t , s k o r p o t o n g u n t u k m e n y a t a k a n s i s w a l u l u s / t i d a k l u l u s d i t e t a p k a n p a d a s k o r 4 2 ,5 . H a s i l a n a l i s i s d a t a p r e s t a s i s i s w a p a d a p e n g u k u r a n P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 d a n 2 0 0 6 d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 6.

T a b e l 6: H a s i l P e n g u k u r a n P r e s t a s i S i s w a p a d a P I S A T a h u n 2 0 0 0

T a h u n 2 0 0 0 M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a S a i n s

f % f % f %

L u l u s 4 0 3 4 5 5 ,3 1 1 8 8 3 1 ,5 2 2 9 4 5 9 ,0

T i d a k L u l u s 3 2 6 3 4 4 ,7 2 5 8 3 6 8 ,5 1 5 9 6 4 1 ,0

T o t a l 7 2 9 7 1 0 0 ,0 3 7 7 1 1 0 0 ,0 3 8 9 0 1 0 0 ,0

D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n 4 2 ,5 , d a t a p r e s t a s i s i s w a p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 0

y a n g t e r d a p a t T a b e l 6 s e c a r a b e r t u r u t - t u r u t m e n u n j u k k a n s e b e s a r 3 1 ,5 %

r e s p o n d e n d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m a t e m a t i k a , s e b e s a r 5 5 ,3 % d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m e m b a c a , d a n s e b e s a r 5 9 % d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n s a in s .

2. Prestasi Siswa pada PISA tahun 2003

H a s i l a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f d a t a p r e s t a s i s i s w a p a d a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 3 d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 7.

T a b e l 7 : H a s i l A n a l i s i s D e s k r i p t i f P r e s t a s i P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 3 M e m b a c a

( 0 - 1 0 0 )

M a t e m a t i k a ( 0 - 1 0 0 )

S a i n s (0 - 1 0 0 )

N V a l i d 5 3 5 6 9 4 9 0 5 4 4 3

M i s s i n g 5 4 0 5 1 2 7 1 5 3 1 8

M e a n 4 8 ,3 2 8 7 4 0 ,4 9 4 1 4 6 ,4 0 2 2

M e d i a n 4 8 ,6 8 0 7 4 0 ,2 2 0 0 4 6 ,7 5 1 6

M o d e 4 7 ,3 6 2 9 ,9 5 4 3 ,6 9

S td . D e v i a t i o n 1 4 ,1 8 3 3 6 1 2 ,7 9 4 1 2 1 2 ,3 1 6 3 9

M i n i m u m 6 ,0 7 ,0 0 ,0 0

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H a s i l a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f p a d a T a b e l 7 t e r d a p a t s e k i t a r s e p a r o h d a t a p e n g u k u r a n k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a ( 5 0 ,2 % ) d a n d a t a p e n g u k u r a n k e m a m p u a n s a in s ( 4 9 ,4 % ) m e n g a l a m i m i s s i n g , y a n g m e n u n j u k k a n d a t a t e r s e b u t t i d a k t e r i s i d e n g a n l e n g k a p . H a s i l a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f p a d a d a t a y a n g v a l i d m e n u n j u k k a n s k o r r e r a t a ( m e a n ) P I S A m a t e m a t i k a t a h u n 2 0 0 3 p a l i n g r e n d a h ( 4 0 .4 9 4 1 ) d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n s k o r r e r a t a m e m b a c a ( 4 8 .3 2 8 7 ) d a n s a i n s ( 4 6 .4 0 2 2 ) . S k o r m a t e m a t i k a y a n g m e m i l i k i f r e k u e n s i t e r b a n y a k ( m o d e ) a d a l a h 2 9 ,9 5 . S k o r r e r a t a d a n m e d i a n p a d a s e m u a s u b p e n g u k u r a n h a m p i r s a m a s e h i n g g a m e n u n j u k k a n s e b a r a n d a t a m e n d e k a t i d i s t r i b u s i n o r m a l .

D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n p a d a n i l a i 4 2 ,5 , k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a , m e m b a c a d a n s a i n s y a n g m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n p a d a p e n g u k u r a n P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 3 d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 8.

T a b e l 8 : H a s i l P e n g u k u r a n P r e s t a s i S i s w a p a d a P I S A T a h u n 2 0 0 3

T a h u n 2 0 0 3 M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a S a i n s

f % f % f %

L u l u s 3 6 6 7 6 8 ,5 4 0 7 5 4 2 ,9 3 4 4 2 6 3 ,2

T i d a k L u l u s 1 6 8 9 3 1 ,5 5 4 1 5 5 7 ,1 2 0 0 1 3 6 ,8

T o t a l 5 3 5 6 1 0 0 ,0 9 4 9 0 1 0 0 ,0 5 4 4 3 1 0 0 ,0

D a t a p a d a G a m b a r 3 m e n u n j u k k a n p r e s t a s i P I S A m a t e m a t i k a m a s i h m e n d u d u k i p e r i n g k a t t e r e n d a h d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a d a n s a in s . D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n 4 2 ,5 , d a t a p r e s t a s i s i s w a p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 3 y a n g t e r d a p a t T a b e l 8 s e c a r a b e r t u r u t - t u r u t m e n u n j u k k a n s e b e s a r 4 2 ,9 % r e s p o n d e n d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m a t e m a t i k a , s e b e s a r 6 3 ,2 % d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n s a i n s , d a n s e b e s a r 6 8 ,5 % d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m e m b a c a .

3. Prestasi Siswa pada PISA tahun 2006

H a s i l a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f d a t a p r e s t a s i s i s w a p a d a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 6 d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 9.

T a b e l 9 : H a s i l A n a l i s i s D e s k r i p t i f P r e s t a s i P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 6

M e m b a c a ( 0 - 1 0 0 )

M a t e m a t i k a ( 0 - 1 0 0 )

S a i n s ( 0 - 1 0 0 )

N V a l i d 5 3 9 7 7 8 4 4 1 0 6 1 1

M i s s i n g 5 2 5 0 2 8 0 3 3 6

M e a n 4 6 , 1 2 8 0 4 2 ,7 8 1 6 4 7 ,1 5 3 1

M e d i a n 4 6 ,8 3 3 8 4 3 ,3 9 8 5 4 6 ,7 5 1 6

M o d e 4 3 ,4 0 3 0 ,0 7 4 5 ,2 2

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M i n i m u m 3 ,4 3 4 ,2 8 8 ,0 3

M a x i m u m 1 0 0 ,0 0 9 6 ,4 5 7 9 ,6 2

H a s i l a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f p a d a T a b e l 9 t e r d a p a t s e k i t a r s e p a r o h d a t a p e n g u k u r a n k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a ( 4 9 ,3 % ) m e n g a l a m i m i s s i n g , y a n g m e n u n j u k k a n d a t a t e r s e b u t t i d a k t e r i s i d e n g a n l e n g k a p . H a s i l a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p t i f p a d a d a t a y a n g v a l i d m e n u n j u k k a n s k o r r e r a t a ( m e a n ) P I S A m a t e m a t i k a t a h u n 2 0 0 6 p a l i n g r e n d a h ( 4 2 .7 8 1 6 ) d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n s k o r r e r a t a m e m b a c a ( 4 6 .1 2 8 0 ) d a n s a in s ( 4 7 .1 5 3 1 ) . S k o r m a t e m a t i k a y a n g m e m i l i k i f r e k u e n s i t e r b a n y a k ( m o d e ) a d a l a h 3 0 ,0 7 . S k o r r e r a t a d a n m e d i a n p a d a s e m u a s u b p e n g u k u r a n h a m p i r s a m a s e h i n g g a m e n u n j u k k a n s e b a r a n d a t a m e n d e k a t i d i s t r i b u s i n o r m a l .

D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n p a d a n i l a i 4 2 ,5 , p r e s t a s i s i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i d a n t i d a k d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n p a d a p e n g u k u r a n m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a , d a n s a i n s d i l a p o r k a n p a d a T a b e l 10.

T a b e l 1 0 : H a s i l P e n g u k u r a n P r e s t a s i S i s w a p a d a P I S A T a h u n 2 0 0 6

T a h u n 2 0 0 6 M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a S a i n s

f % f % f %

L u l u s 3 3 8 6 6 2 ,7 4 1 8 6 5 3 , 4 7 7 9 0 7 3 ,4

T i d a k L u l u s 2 0 1 1 3 7 ,3 3 6 5 8 4 6 , 6 2 8 2 1 2 6 ,6

T o t a l 5 3 9 7 1 0 0 ,0 7 8 4 4 1 0 0 ,0 1 0 6 1 1 1 0 0 ,0

D a t a p a d a G a m b a r 4 m e n u n j u k k a n h a s i l p e n g u k u r a n P I S A p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 6 s u d a h

m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n d a r i t a h u n s e b e l u m n y a . M e s k i p u n p r e s t a s i m a t e m a t i k a

m a s i h m e n d u d u k i p e r i n g k a t y a n g p a l i n g b a w a h , n a m u n j u m l a h s i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n 4 2 ,5 l e b i h b a n y a k d a r i p a d a s i s w a y a n g t i d a k d a p a t m e m e n u h i n y a . S e c a r a b e r t u r u t - t u r u t , s e b e s a r 5 3 ,4 % r e s p o n d e n d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m a t e m a t i k a , s e b e s a r 6 2 ,7 % d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m e m b a c a , d a n s e b e s a r 7 3 ,4 % d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n s a in s .

B. Trend Prestasi Siswa

T r e n d p r e s t a s i s i s w a d i l a p o r k a n m e n u r u t d i m e n s i k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a ,

m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s . T r e n d p r e s t a s i s i s w a d i l a p o r k a n m e n u r u t j u m l a h s i s w a y a n g m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n d a n m e n u r u t s k o r r e r a t a . S e c a r a b e r t u r u t - t u r u t d i l a p o r k a n t r e n d k e m a m p u a n s i s w a p a d a P I S A m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s .

I. Trend Prestasi Membaca

T r e n d p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a s i s w a u s i a 15 t a h u n b e r d a s a r k a n j u m l a h s i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n y a n g d i u k u r o l e h P I S A d a p a t d i l a p o r k a n p a d a T a b e l

I I .

T a b e l 1 1 : T r e n d P r e s t a s i M e m b a c a m e n u r u t J u m l a h S i s w a y a n g L u l u s

K a t e g o r i 2 0 0 0

2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

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L u l u s 4 0 3 4 5 5 ,3 3 6 6 7 6 8 ,5 3 3 8 6 6 2 ,7

T i d a k L u l u s 3 2 6 3 4 4 ,7 1 6 8 9 3 1 ,5 2 0 1 1 3 7 ,3

T o t a l 7 2 9 7 1 0 0 ,0 5 3 5 6 1 0 0 ,0 5 3 9 7 1 0 0 ,0

D a t a p a d a G a m b a r 5 m e n u n j u k k a n p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 3 s e b e s a r 1 3 ,2 % n a m u n m e n u r u n k e m b a l i p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 6 s e b e s a r 5 ,8 % . D e n g a n h a s i l y a n g b e r f l u k t u a s i i n i , p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 9 t i d a k d a p a t d i p r e d i k s i d a r i h a s i l P I S A t a h u n s e b e l u m n y a .

2. Trend Prestasi Matematika

T r e n d p r e s t a s i m a t e m a t i k a b e r d a s a r k a n j u m l a h s i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n s e l a m a t i g a k a l i p e n y e l e n g g a r a a n P I S A d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 12.

T a ) e l 1 2 : T r e n d P r e s t a s i M a t e m a t i k a

K a t e g o r i 2 0 0 0

2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

f % f % f %

L u l u s 1 1 8 8 3 1 ,5 4 0 7 5 4 2 ,9 4 1 8 6 5 3 ,4

T i d a k L u l u s 2 5 8 3 6 8 ,5 5 4 1 5 5 7 ,1 3 6 5 8 4 6 ,6

T o t a l 3 7 7 1 1 0 0 ,0 9 4 9 0 1 0 0 ,0 7 8 4 4 1 0 0 ,0

D a t a p a d a T a b e l 1 2 m e n u n j u k k a n k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a s i s w a I n d o n e s i a y a n g b e r u m u r 15 t a h u n p a d a p e n g u k u r a n P I S A m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n y a n g b e r a r t i . P a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 3 , p r e s t a s i s i s w a m e n i n g k a t 1 1 ,4 % s e d a n g k a n p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 6 , p r e s t a s i s i s w a m e n i n g k a t s e b e s a r 1 0 ,5 % d a r i p e n g u k u r a n P I S A t a u n 2 0 0 3 . D e n g a n k e n a i k a n p r e s t a s i y a n g r e l a t i f t e t a p , k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a p a d a p e n g u k u r a n P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 9 d i h a r a p k a n m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n s e k i t a r 1 0 % .

3. Trend Prestasi Sains

G a m b a r a n t r e n d p r e s t a s i s i s w a p a d a s a in s b e r d a s a r k a n j u m l a h s i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n y a n g d i u k u r o l e h P I S A d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 13.

T a b e l 1 3 : T r e n d P r e s t a s i S a i n s

K a t e g o r i 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

f % f % f %

L u l u s 2 2 9 4 5 9 ,0 3 4 4 2 6 3 ,2 7 7 9 0 7 3 , 4

T i d a k L u l u s 1 5 9 6 4 1 , 0 2 0 0 1 3 6 ,8 2 8 2 1 2 6 ,6

T o t a l 3 8 9 0 1 0 0 ,0 5 4 4 3 1 0 0 ,0 1 0 6 1 1 1 0 0 ,0

D a t a p a d a T a b e l 13 m e n u n j u k k a n k e m a m p u a n s a i n s s i s w a I n d o n e s i a p a d a p e n g u k u r a n P I S A s e l a m a t i g a r e n t a n g w a k t u m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n s e c a r a b e r a r t i . P a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 3 , p r e s t a s i s a i n m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n 4 ,2 % s e d a n g k a n

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p a d a p e n g u k u r a n P I S A b e r i k u t n y a m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n 1 0 ,2 % . P r e s t a s i s i s w a p a d a p e n g u k u r a n P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 9 d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t m e n i n g k a t l a g i s e k i t a r 1 6 % .

4. Trend Prestasi Berdasarkan Skor Rerata PISA

T r e n d p r e s t a s i s i s w a y a n g d i l i h a t b e r d a s a r k a n s k o r r e r a t a P I S A d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 1 4 b e r i k u t in i.

T a b e l 14: T r e n d P r e s t a s i B e r d a s a r k a n S k o r R e r a t a P I S A D i m e n s i

P e n g u k u r a n

S k o r R e r a t a

2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

M e m b a c a 4 3 ,8 4 8 ,3 4 6 ,1

M a t e m a t i k a 3 8 ,8 4 0 ,5 4 2 ,8

S a i n s 4 5 ,6 4 6 , 4 4 7 ,1

D a t a p a d a T a b e l 1 4 l e b i h m u d a h d i p a h a m i d a l a m b e n t u k d i a g r a m b a t a n g y a n g t e r c a n t u m p a d a G a m b a r 8.

TREND PRESTASI BERDASARKAN

SKOR RERATA PISA

150

100

0 A«< J.U

_—4

_{40 4}

₄₇₁

38.8 ~ 4 05

~ 42.8

- ± — Sains

50 4 38

4 8 . 3 4 6

.!

-« -M atem atika

Membaca

G a m b a r 8. T r e n d P r e s t a s i B e r d a s a r k a n S k o r R e r a t a P I S A

D a t a p a d a G a m b a r 8 m e n u n j u k k a n p r e s t a s i s a in s d a n m a t e m a t i k a s e d i k i t d e m i s e d i k i t m e n i n g k a t s e l a m a t i g a k a l i P I S A . N a m u n d e m i k i a n , p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a h a n y a m e n i n g k a t p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 3 k e m u d i a n m e n u r u n k e m b a l i p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 6 . H a l i n i a n t a r a l a i n d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h p e n g g u n a a n k o m p u t e r t e r h u b u n g i n t e r n e t y a n g s e b e l u m n y a d a p a t m e n d u k u n g p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a t e t a p i p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 6 m e n u r u n p e n g a r u h n y a . T r e n d p r e s t a s i s a i n s m e n u r u t s k o r r e r a t a m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n s e b e s a r 0 ,7 5 p o i n p e r p e r i o d e , m a t e m a t i k a m e n i n g k a t 1 ,7 p o i n p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 3 d a n m e n i n g k a t l a g i 2 ,3 p o i n p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 6 . S k o r r e r a t a p r e s t a s i

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m e m b a c a m e n i n g k a t 4 ,5 p o i n p a d a P I S A 2 0 0 3 n a m u n m e n u r u n k e m b a l i 2 ,2 p o i n p a d a P I S A 2 0 0 6 .

C. Model Struktural Faktor-faktor yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Prestasi

Siswa.

F a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i p r e s t a s i s i s w a d i l a p o r k a n d a r i d e l a p a n v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n y a n g t e r i d e n t i f i k a s i p a d a t i a p - t i a p p e n g u k u r a n P I S A . H a s i l a n a l i s i s d i l a p o r k a n m e n u r u t t a h u n p e n y e l e n g g a r a a n P I S A k a r e n a r e s p o n d e n y a n g m e n g i s i i n t r u m e n b e r b e d a - b e d a .

1. PISA tahun 2000

K o e f i s i e n j a l u r (y ) h a s i l a n a l i s i s S E M d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 d a p a t d i r a n g k u m p a d a T a b e l 15.

T a b e l 15: R a n g k u m a n K o e f i s i e n J a l u r (y ) p a d a P I S A 2 0 0 0

V a r i a b e l M e m b a c a

(y

)

M a t e m a t i k a

(y

)

S a i n s

(y

)

K e m a m p u a n M e m b a c a - 0 , 4 0 * 0 ,2 7 *

K e m a m p u a n M a t e m a t i k a - - 0 ,4 5 *

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 1 ,0 7 * 0 ,2 5 0 ,5 7 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i R u m a h - 0 ,2 7 - 0 ,1 2 0 .0 5 5

D a n a P e m e r i n t a h - 0 ,0 1 6 0 ,0 4 7 0 ,0 2 8

D a n a S i s w a - 0 ,0 3 3 0 , 0 4 6 0 ,0 1 9

D a n a B a n t u a n S p o n s o r 0 ,0 1 1 0 ,0 6 3 * 0 ,0 3 6

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 , 2 2 * 0 ,0 7 1 * 0 ,0 7 1 *

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t 0 ,2 3 * 0 , 1 6 - 0 ,0 0 0 6 1

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

T a b e l 15 m e n u n j u k k a n s e b a g i a n b e s a r v a r i a b e l h a n y a m e m i l i k i p e n g a r u h y a n g k e c i l ( < 0 ,2 ) t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s . B e b e r a p a v a r i a b e l y a n g m e m i l i k i k o e f i s i e n k o r e l a s i l e b i h b e s a r d a r i 0 ,2 a d a l a h v a r i a b e l f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in . V a r i a b e l k o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a d a n k o m p u t e r t e r h u b u n g i n t e r n e t m e m i l i k i

p e n g a r u h 0 , 2 2 d a n 0 ,2 3 t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a . M a t r i k k o r e l a s i a n t a r a

v a r i a b e l d e p e n d e n d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 1 6 b e r i k u t i n i.

T a b e l 1 6 : M a t r i k K o r e l a s i a n t a r V a r i a b e l D e p e n d e n p a d a P I S A 2 0 0 0

V a r i a b e l M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a

M a t e m a t i k a 0 ,4 2 *

S a i n s 0 ,4 6 * 0 ,4 7 *

(14)

H a s i l a n a l i s i s S E M y a n g s u d a h d i p a p a r k a n d i a ta s d i t u n j u k k a n d a l a m d i a g r a m j a l u r p a d a G a m b a r 9 b e r i k u t in i:

G a m b a r 9 : D i a g r a m J a l u r P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0

(Estimates)

2. PISA tahun 2003

K o e f i s i e n j a l u r (y ) h u b u n g a n a n t a r v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n d a n d e p e n d e n t p a d a p a p a r a n d i a ta s d a p a t d i r a n g k u m p a d a T a b e l 16.

T a b e l 1 7 : R a n g k u m a n K o e f i s i e n J a l u r (y ) H a s i l A n a l i s i s S E M P I S A 2 0 0 3

V a r i a b e l M e m b a c a

(y

)

M a t e m a t i k a

(y

)

S a i n s

(y

)

K e m a m p u a n M e m b a c a - 0 , 3 8 * 0 ,4 1 *

K e m a m p u a n M a t e m a t i k a - - 0 , 2 2 *

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 1 ,7 7 * 0 , 3 7 * 0 , 6 2 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i R u m a h - 0 ,2 5 0 , 7 9 * 0 ,4 9 *

D a n a P e m e r i n t a h - 0 ,0 3 3 * - 0 , 0 3 2 * - 0 ,0 0 0 3 7

D a n a S i s w a - 0 ,0 1 8 - 0 ,0 3 3 * - 0 ,0 0 8 1

D a n a B a n t u a n S p o n s o r - 0 ,0 0 5 9 - 0 ,0 2 8 * - 0 ,0 0 6 5

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 , 0 4 4 * 0 , 0 2 7 * 0 , 0 1 2 *

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t 0 , 5 0 * 0 . 3 8 * 0 ,1 8 *

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

T a b e l 1 7 m e n u n j u k k a n s e b a g i a n b e s a r v a r i a b e l h a n y a m e m i l i k i p e n g a r u h y a n g r e l a t i f k e c i l b a h k a n b e b e r a p a v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n m e m i l i k i p e n g a r u h n e g a t i f t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s . B e b e r a p a v a r i a b e l y a n g m e m i l i k i k o e f i s i e n k o r e l a s i l e b i h b e s a r d a r i 0 ,5 a d a l a h v a r i a b e l f a s i l i t a s

(15)

p e n d i d i k a n t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a ( 1 ,7 7 ) , m a t e m a t i k a ( 0 ,7 9 ) d a n s a in s ( 0 ,6 2 ) s e r t a v a r i a b e l k o m p u t e r t e r h u b u n g i n t e r n e t t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a ( 0 ,5 ) . K o e f i s i e n k o r e l a s i 1 ,7 7 p a d a v a r i a b e l f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n m e m b e r i m a k n a b a h w a v a r i a b e l t e r s e b u t a d a i n t e r k o r e l a s i d e n g a n v a r i a b e l l a i n n y a s e p e r t i k o m p u t e r y a n g t e r h u b u n g d e n g a n i n t e r n e t .

M a t r i k k o r e l a s i a n t a r v a r i a b e l d e p e n d e n d a l a m P I S A 2 0 0 3 d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 1 8 b e r i k u t in i.

T a b e l 18: M a t r i k K o r e l a s i a n t a r V a r i a b e l D e p e n d e n p a d a P I S A 2 0 0 3

V a r i a b e l M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a

M a t e m a t i k a 0 ,4 6 *

S a i n s 0 ,5 1 * 0 , 4 6 *

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

H a s i l a n a l i s i s j a l u r y a n g s u d a h d i p a p a r k a n d i a ta s d i t u n j u k k a n d a l a m d i a g r a m j a l u r p a d a G a m b a r 1 0 b e r i k u t in i:

G a m b a r 1 0 : D i a g r a m J a l u r P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 3

(Estimates)

3. PISA 2006

K o e f i s i e n j a l u r (y ) h u b u n g a n a n t a r v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n d a n d e p e n d e n p a d a p a p a r a n d i a ta s d a p a t d i r a n g k u m p a d a T a b e l 19.

T a b e l 19: R a n g k u m a n K o e f i s i e n J a l u r (y ) H a s i l A n a l i s i s S E M P I S A 2 0 0 6

V a r i a b e l M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a S a i n s

(y

)

(y

)

(y

)

K e m a m p u a n M e m b a c a - 0 , 2 7 * 0 , 1 2 *

(16)

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 1 ,6 9 * 0 , 9 2 * 0 , 4 4 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i R u m a h 0 ,5 3 * 0 ,1 5 0 , 2 0 *

D a n a P e m e r i n t a h 0 ,0 1 8 0 , 0 0 6 4 0 ,0 3 1 *

D a n a S i s w a 0 , 0 5 9 * 0 , 0 1 2 0 , 0 3 6 *

D a n a B a n t u a n S p o n s o r 0 , 1 4 * 0 , 0 6 6 * 0 , 0 7 0 *

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 , 1 2 * 0 , 0 4 6 * 0 ,0 0 1 5

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t 0 ,0 0 5 1 0 , 0 4 6 * 0 ,0 1 3

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

T a b e l 19 m e n u n j u k k a n s e b a g i a n b e s a r v a r i a b e l h a n y a m e m i l i k i p e n g a r u h y a n g r e l a t i f k e c i l t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a in s . B e b e r a p a v a r i a b e l y a n g m e m i l i k i k o e f i s i e n k o r e l a s i l e b i h b e s a r d a r i 0 ,5 a d a l a h v a r i a b e l f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a ( 1 ,6 9 ) , m a t e m a t i k a ( 0 ,9 2 ) d a n v a r i a b e l b u d a y a b e l a j a r d i r u m a h t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a ( 0 ,5 3 ) . K o e f i s i e n k o r e l a s i 1 ,6 9 p a d a v a r i a b e l f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n m e m b e r i m a k n a b a h w a v a r i a b e l t e r s e b u t a d a i n t e r k o r e l a s i d e n g a n v a r i a b e l l a i n n y a . M a t r i k k o r e l a s i a n t a r v a r i a b e l d e p e n d e n d a l a m P I S A 2 0 0 6 d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 2 0 b e r i k u t in i.

T a b e l 2 0 : M a t r i k K o r e l a s i a n t a r V a r i a b e l D e p e n d e n p a d a P I S A 2 0 0 6

V a r i a b e l M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a

M a t e m a t i k a 0 ,3 6 *

S a i n s 0 ,3 9 * 0 ,3 3 *

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

H a s i l a n a l i s i s j a l u r d e n g a n S E M y a n g s u d a h d i p a p a r k a n d i a ta s d i t u n j u k k a n d a l a m d i a g r a m j a l u r p a d a G a m b a r 11 b e r i k u t in i:

(17)

G a m b a r 1 1 : D i a g r a m J a l u r P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 6

(Estimates)

4. Trend Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Prestasi Siswa Selama Tiga

Periode

T r e n d p r e s t a s i s i s w a y a n g d i l i h a t d a r i p e n g a r u h v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n t e r h a d a p k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a i n s d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 21 s a m p a i 2 3 b e r i k u t in i.

T a b e l 2 1 : T r e n d M o d e l K e m a m p u a n M e m b a c a D i l i h a t d a r i K o e f . J a l u r (y )

V a r i a b e l 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 1 ,0 7 * 1 ,7 7 * 1 ,6 9 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i R u m a h - 0 ,2 7 - 0 ,2 5 0 ,5 3 *

D a n a P e m e r i n t a h - 0 ,0 1 6 - 0 ,0 3 3 * 0 ,0 1 8

D a n a S i s w a - 0 ,0 3 3 - 0 ,0 1 8 0 ,0 5 9 *

D a n a B a n t u a n S p o n s o r 0 ,0 1 1 - 0 ,0 0 5 9 0 , 1 4 *

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 , 2 2 * 0 , 0 4 4 * 0 , 1 2 *

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t 0 ,2 3 * 0 , 5 0 * 0 ,0 0 5 1

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

T a b e l 21 m e n u n j u k k a n v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n y a n g s e c a r a k o n s i s t e n s i g n i f i k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a a d a l a h v a r i a b e l f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n d a n j u m l a h k o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a . J u m l a h k o m p u t e r y a n g t e r h u b u n g k e i n t e r n e t h a n y a k o n s i s t e n s e l a m a d u a t a h u n y a i t u t a h u n 2 0 0 0 d a n 2 0 0 3 . D e n g a n h a s i l y a n g d e m i k i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a d a p a t d i p r e d i k s i d a r i v a r i a b e l f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n d a n j u m l a h k o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a .

T a b e l 2 2 : T r e n d M o d e l K e m a m p u a n M a t e m a t i

V a r i a b e l 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

K e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a 0 , 4 0 * 0 ,3 8 * 0 ,2 7 *

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 0 ,2 5 0 ,7 9 * 0 , 9 2 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i r u m a h - 0 ,1 2 0 ,3 7 * 0 ,1 5

D a n a p e m e r i n t a h 0 ,0 4 7 - 0 , 0 3 2 * 0 , 0 0 6 4

D a n a s i s w a 0 ,0 4 6 - 0 ,0 3 3 * 0 ,0 1 2

D a n a b a n t u a n s p o n s o r 0 ,0 6 3 * - 0 ,0 2 8 * 0 , 0 6 6 *

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 ,0 7 1 * 0 ,0 2 7 * 0 , 0 4 6 *

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t 0 ,1 6 0 .3 8 * 0 , 0 4 6 *

ca D i l i h a t d a r i K o e f . J a l u r (y )

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

T a b e l 2 2 m e n u n j u k k a n v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n y a n g s e c a r a k o n s i s t e n s i g n i f i k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a s e l a m a t i g a p e r i o d e t e s P I S A a d a l a h v a r i a b e l k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , d a n a b a n t u a n s p o n s o r , d a n j u m l a h k o m p u t e r

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u n t u k s e m u a . F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n d a n k o m p u t e r y a n g t e r h u b u n g k e i n t e r n e t h a n y a b e r p e n g a r u h s e l a m a d u a t a h u n y a i t u t a h u n 2 0 0 3 d a n 2 0 0 6 . D e n g a n h a s i l y a n g d e m i k i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a m e m p u n y a i p e l u a n g u n t u k d i t i n g k a t k a n d e n g a n m e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a s e r t a m e n a m b a h d a n a s p o n s o r d a n f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n .

T a b e l 2 3 : T r e n d M o d e l K e m a m p u a n S a i n s D i l ih a t d a r i K o e ! lual r

3

V a r i a b e l 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

K e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a 0 ,2 7 * 0 ,4 1 * 0 , 1 2 *

K e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a 0 ,4 5 * 0 , 2 2 * 0 ,1 1 *

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 0 ,5 7 * 0 , 6 2 * 0 , 4 4 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i r u m a h 0 .0 5 5 0 ,4 9 * 0 , 2 0 *

D a n a p e m e r i n t a h 0 ,0 2 8 - 0 ,0 0 0 3 7 0 ,0 3 1 *

D a n a s i s w a 0 ,0 1 9 - 0 ,0 0 8 1 0 , 0 3 6 *

D a n a b a n t u a n s p o n s o r 0 ,0 3 6 - 0 ,0 0 6 5 0 , 0 7 0 *

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 ,0 7 1 * 0 , 0 1 2 * 0 ,0 0 1 5

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t - 0 ,0 0 0 6 1 0 ,1 8 * 0 ,0 1 3

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

T a b e l 2 3 m e n u n j u k k a n v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n y a n g s e c a r a k o n s i s t e n s i g n i f i k a n

m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n s a i n s a d a l a h v a r i a b e l k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a ,

k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a , d a n f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n . D e n g a n h a s i l y a n g d e m i k i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a k e m a m p u a n s a i n s m e m p u n y a i p e l u a n g u n t u k d i t i n g k a t k a n d e n g a n m e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a d a n m a t e m a t i k a s e r t a m e n a m b a h f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n .

U r a i a n t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a a d a p e r b e d a a n m o d e l t r e n d p r e s t a s i s e k o l a h b e r d a s a r k a n t e s P I S A s e l a m a t i g a p e r i o d e . P e r b e d a a n v a r i a b e l y a n g s i g n i f i k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a , d a n s a in s d a r i t e s P I S A t i g a s e l a m a t i g a p e r i o d e t e r s e b u t d i k u a t k a n d e n g a n h a s i l a n a l i s i s j a l u r d e n g a n S E M

m ulti-group

y a n g m e m p e r o l e h %2 = 2 1 8 9 ,4 9 d e n g a n s i g n i f i k a n s i ( p ) < 0 ,0 5 d a n

R M S E A > 0 ,0 8 d a r i

Global Goodness o f F it Statistics.

IV. SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI

A. Simpulan

1. B e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 r e r a t a s k o r m e m b a c a 4 3 ,8 ; m a t e m a t i k a 3 7 ,8

d a n s a i n s 4 5 ,6 . P a d a t a h u n t e r s e b u t s i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m e m b a c a s e b e s a r 5 5 ,3 % , m a t e m a t i k a 3 1 ,5 % d a n s a i n s 5 9 % . B e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 3 r e r a t a s k o r m e m b a c a 4 8 ,3 ; m a t e m a t i k a 4 0 ,5 d a n s a in s 4 6 ,4 . S i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m e m b a c a s e b e s a r 6 8 ,5 % , m a t e m a t i k a 4 2 ,9 % d a n s a in s 6 3 ,2 % . B e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A

(19)

t a h u n 2 0 0 6 r e r a t a s k o r m e m b a c a 4 6 ,1 ; m a t e m a t i k a 4 2 ,8 d a n s a in s 4 7 ,1 . P a d a t a h u n t e r s e b u t s i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m e m b a c a s e b e s a r 6 2 ,7 % , m a t e m a t i k a 5 3 ,4 % d a n s a in s 7 3 ,4 % .

2 . R e r a t a p r e s t a s i m e m b a c a t e s P I S A 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 , d a n 2 0 0 6 b e r t u r u t - t u r u t a d a la h : 4 3 ,8 ; 4 8 ,3 ; d a n 4 6 ,1 . R e r a t a p r e s t a s i m a t e m a t i k a t e s P I S A p a d a k e t i g a p e r i o d e y a n g s a m a a d a la h : 3 8 ,8 ; 4 0 ,5 ; d a n 4 2 ,8 ; s e d a n g k a n r e r a t a p r e s t a s i s a i n s y a n g a d a s e b e s a r : 4 5 ,6 ; 4 6 ,4 ; d a n 4 7 ,1 .

3 . F a k t o r y a n g s e c a r a k o n s i s t e n s e l a m a t i g a p e r i o d e t e s P I S A s i g n i f i k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a a d a l a h f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n d a n j u m l a h k o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a . F a k t o r y a n g s e c a r a k o n s i s t e n s i g n i f i k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a a d a l a h k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , d a n a b a n t u a n s p o n s o r , d a n j u m l a h k o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a ; s e d a n g k a n f a k t o r y a n g s e c a r a k o n s i s t e n s i g n i f i k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n s a i n s a d a l a h k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a , d a n f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n .

B. Rekomendasi

1. P e m e r i n t a h d a n p e n y e l e n g g a r a p e n d i d i k a n p e r l u m e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a , d a n s a i n s k a r e n a r a t a - r a t a s k o r k e t i g a k e m a m p u a n t e r s e b u t t e r g o l o n g r e n d a h .

2 . K e t i d a k k o n s i s t e n s i a n t r e n d p e n i n g k a t a n r a t a - r a t a s k o r k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , m a t e m a t i k a , d a n s a i n s p e r l u d i t i n d a k l a n j u t i o l e h p e m e r i n t a h d a n d e n g a n b e r b a g a i u s a h a s e h i n g g a t r e n d r a t a - r a t a t i g a k e m a m p u a n t e r s e b u t s e l a l u m e n i n g k a t .

3 . K e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a p e r l u d i t i n g k a t k a n d e n g a n m e n a m b a h f a s i l i t a s

p e n d i d i k a n d a n j u m l a h k o m p u t e r , k a r e n a k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a d a p a t

m e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a i n s a k a n m e n i n g k a t . K e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a j u g a d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n d e n g a n m e n a m b a h d a n a s p o n s o r , s e d a n g k e m a m p u a n s a in s d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n d e n g a n m e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a d a n m e n a m b a h f a s i l i t a s s e k o l a h .

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

A y a l a , R . J ., P l a k e , B . S ., & I m p a r a , J. C . ( 2 0 0 1 ) T h e i m p a c t o f o m i t t e d r e s p o n s e s

o n t h e a c c u r a c y o f a b i l i t y e s t i m a t i o n i n i t e m r e s p o n s e t h e o r y .

Journal o f

Educational Measurement,

F a l l 2 0 0 1 , V o l . 3 8 , N o . 3 , p p . 2 1 3 - 2 3 4 . B i e l i n s k i , J ., & D a v i s o n , M . L . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . A s e x d i f f e r e n c e b y i t e m d i f f i c u l t y

i n t e r a c t i o n i n m u l t i p l e - c h o i c e m a t h e m a t i c s i t e m s a d m i n i s t e r e d t o

n a t i o n a l p r o b a b i l i t y s a m p l e s .

Journal o f Educational M easurement.

S p r i n g 2 0 0 1 , V o l . 3 8 , N o . 1, p p . 5 1 - 7 7 .

B l o o m , B . S . ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

Human characteristic and school learning.

N e w Y o r k :

(20)

G i e r l , M . J, B i s a n z , G . L . & B o u g h t o n , K . A . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . I d e n t i f y i n g c o n t e n t a n d c o g n i t i v e s k i l l s t h a t p r o d u c e g e n d e r d i f f e r e n c e s i n m a t h e m a t i c s : A d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f th e m u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l i t y - b a s e d D I F a n a l y s i s p a r a d i g m .

Journal o f Educational M easurement.

W i n t e r 2 0 0 3 , V o l . 4 0 , N o . 4 , p p . 2 8 1 - 3 0 6 .

H a m i l t o n , L . S . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . S t u d y i n g L a r g e - S c a l e R e f o r m s o f I n s t r u c t i o n a l P r a c t i c e .,

A n e x a m p l e f r o m m a t h e m a t i c s a n d s c i e n c e .

Educational Evaluation

and Policy Analysis.

S p r i n g 2 0 0 3 . V o l . 2 5 , N o . 1, p p . 1 - 2 9 .

L u n z , M . E ., & B e r g s t r o m , B . A . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . A n e m p i r i c a l s t u d y o f c o m p u t e r i z e d

a d a p t i v e t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s .

Journal o f Educational

M easurement.

F a l l 1 9 9 4 , V o l . 3 1 , N o . 3 , p p . 2 5 1 - 2 6 3 .

M e h r e n s , W . A ., & L e h m a n , I. ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

M easurem ent and evaluation in education

and psychology

. N e w Y o r k : H o l t , R i n e h a r t a n d W i n s t o n , I n c

O E C D . ( 2 0 0 7 ) .

Science Competencies fo r Tom orrow ’s World. Executive

Summary.

P r o g r a m m e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d e n t A s s e s s m e n t ( P I S A ) 2 0 0 6 . h t t p : / / w w w . o e c d . D i a k s e s t a n g g a l 2 0 A g u s t u s 2 0 0 9

O E C D . 2 0 0 5 .

PISA 2003 Data Analysis M anual: SPSS® Users

O s h i m a , T . C . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . T h e e f f e c t o f s p e e d i n e s s o n p a r a m e t e r e s t i m a t i o n i n i t e m

r e s p o n s e t h e o r y .

Journal o f Educational M easurement.

F a l l 1 9 9 4 , V o l.

3 1 , N o . 3 , p p . 2 0 0 - 2 1 9 .

P I S A 2 0 0 6 : S c i e n c e C o m p e t e n c i e s f o r T o m o r r o w ’s W o r l d E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y © O E C D 2 0 0 7

P i t k i n , A . K . a n d V i s p o e l , W . P . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . D i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n s e l f - a d a p t e d a n d

c o m p u t e r i z e d a d a p t i v e t e s t : A m e t a - a n a l y s i s .

Journal o f Educational

M easurement.

F a l l 2 0 0 1 , V o l . 3 8 , N o . 3 , p p . 2 3 5 - 2 4 1

R o i d , G . H ., & H a l a d y n a , T . M . ( 1 9 8 2 ) .

A technology fo r test-item writing.

N e w

Y o r k : H a r c o u r t B r a c e J o v a n o v i c h W a n g , T ., & K o l e n , M . J. ( 2 0 0 1 ) . E v a l u a t i n g c o m p a r a b i l i t y i n c o m p u t e r i z e d a d a p t i v e t e s t i n g : I s s u e s ,

C r i t e r i a a n d a n e x a m p l e .

Journal o f Educational Measurement.

S p r in g

2 0 0 1 , V o l . 3 8 , N o . 1, p p . 1 9 - 4 9 .

W i l l i n g h a m , W . W ., P o l l a c k , B . M . & L e w i s , C . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . G r a d e s a n d t e s t s c o r e s :

a c c o u n t i n g f o r o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s .

Journal

o f Educational

(1)

M a t r i k k o r e l a s i a n t a r v a r i a b e l d e p e n d e n d a l a m P I S A 2 0 0 3 d a p a t d i s i m a k p a d a T a b e l 1 8 b e r i k u t in i.

T a b e l 18: M a t r i k K o r e l a s i a n t a r V a r i a b e l D e p e n d e n p a d a P I S A 2 0 0 3

V a r i a b e l M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a

M a t e m a t i k a 0 ,4 6 *

S a i n s 0 ,5 1 * 0 , 4 6 *

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

H a s i l a n a l i s i s j a l u r y a n g s u d a h d i p a p a r k a n d i a ta s d i t u n j u k k a n d a l a m d i a g r a m j a l u r p a d a G a m b a r 1 0 b e r i k u t in i:

G a m b a r 1 0 : D i a g r a m J a l u r P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 3

(Estimates)

3. PISA 2006

K o e f i s i e n j a l u r (y ) h u b u n g a n a n t a r v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n d a n d e p e n d e n p a d a p a p a r a n d i a ta s d a p a t d i r a n g k u m p a d a T a b e l 19.

T a b e l 19: R a n g k u m a n K o e f i s i e n J a l u r (y ) H a s i l A n a l i s i s S E M P I S A 2 0 0 6

V a r i a b e l M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a S a i n s

(

)

(

)

(

)

K e m a m p u a n M e m b a c a - 0 , 2 7 * 0 , 1 2 *

(2)

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 1 ,6 9 * 0 , 9 2 * 0 , 4 4 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i R u m a h 0 ,5 3 * 0 ,1 5 0 , 2 0 *

D a n a P e m e r i n t a h 0 ,0 1 8 0 , 0 0 6 4 0 ,0 3 1 *

D a n a S i s w a 0 , 0 5 9 * 0 , 0 1 2 0 , 0 3 6 *

D a n a B a n t u a n S p o n s o r 0 , 1 4 * 0 , 0 6 6 * 0 , 0 7 0 *

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 , 1 2 * 0 , 0 4 6 * 0 ,0 0 1 5

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t 0 ,0 0 5 1 0 , 0 4 6 * 0 ,0 1 3

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

T a b e l 2 0 : M a t r i k K o r e l a s i a n t a r V a r i a b e l D e p e n d e n p a d a P I S A 2 0 0 6

V a r i a b e l M e m b a c a M a t e m a t i k a

M a t e m a t i k a 0 ,3 6 *

S a i n s 0 ,3 9 * 0 ,3 3 *

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

(3)

G a m b a r 1 1 : D i a g r a m J a l u r P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 6

(Estimates)

4. Trend Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Prestasi Siswa Selama Tiga

Periode

T a b e l 2 1 : T r e n d M o d e l K e m a m p u a n M e m b a c a D i l i h a t d a r i K o e f . J a l u r (y )

V a r i a b e l 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 1 ,0 7 * 1 ,7 7 * 1 ,6 9 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i R u m a h - 0 ,2 7 - 0 ,2 5 0 ,5 3 *

D a n a P e m e r i n t a h - 0 ,0 1 6 - 0 ,0 3 3 * 0 ,0 1 8

D a n a S i s w a - 0 ,0 3 3 - 0 ,0 1 8 0 ,0 5 9 *

D a n a B a n t u a n S p o n s o r 0 ,0 1 1 - 0 ,0 0 5 9 0 , 1 4 *

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 , 2 2 * 0 , 0 4 4 * 0 , 1 2 *

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t 0 ,2 3 * 0 , 5 0 * 0 ,0 0 5 1

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

T a b e l 2 2 : T r e n d M o d e l K e m a m p u a n M a t e m a t i

V a r i a b e l 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

K e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a 0 , 4 0 * 0 ,3 8 * 0 ,2 7 *

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 0 ,2 5 0 ,7 9 * 0 , 9 2 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i r u m a h - 0 ,1 2 0 ,3 7 * 0 ,1 5

D a n a p e m e r i n t a h 0 ,0 4 7 - 0 , 0 3 2 * 0 , 0 0 6 4

D a n a s i s w a 0 ,0 4 6 - 0 ,0 3 3 * 0 ,0 1 2

D a n a b a n t u a n s p o n s o r 0 ,0 6 3 * - 0 ,0 2 8 * 0 , 0 6 6 *

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 ,0 7 1 * 0 ,0 2 7 * 0 , 0 4 6 *

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t 0 ,1 6 0 .3 8 * 0 , 0 4 6 *

ca D i l i h a t d a r i K o e f . J a l u r (y )

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

(4)

T a b e l 2 3 : T r e n d M o d e l K e m a m p u a n S a i n s D i l ih a t d a r i K o e ! lual r

3

V a r i a b e l 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6

K e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a 0 ,2 7 * 0 ,4 1 * 0 , 1 2 *

K e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a 0 ,4 5 * 0 , 2 2 * 0 ,1 1 *

F a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n 0 ,5 7 * 0 , 6 2 * 0 , 4 4 *

B u d a y a b e l a j a r d i r u m a h 0 .0 5 5 0 ,4 9 * 0 , 2 0 *

D a n a p e m e r i n t a h 0 ,0 2 8 - 0 ,0 0 0 3 7 0 ,0 3 1 *

D a n a s i s w a 0 ,0 1 9 - 0 ,0 0 8 1 0 , 0 3 6 *

D a n a b a n t u a n s p o n s o r 0 ,0 3 6 - 0 ,0 0 6 5 0 , 0 7 0 *

K o m p u t e r u n t u k s e m u a 0 ,0 7 1 * 0 , 0 1 2 * 0 ,0 0 1 5

K o m p u t e r i n t e r n e t - 0 ,0 0 0 6 1 0 ,1 8 * 0 ,0 1 3

* = s i g n i f i k a n p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 %

T a b e l 2 3 m e n u n j u k k a n v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n y a n g s e c a r a k o n s i s t e n s i g n i f i k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n s a i n s a d a l a h v a r i a b e l k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a , k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a , d a n f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n . D e n g a n h a s i l y a n g d e m i k i a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a k e m a m p u a n s a i n s m e m p u n y a i p e l u a n g u n t u k d i t i n g k a t k a n d e n g a n m e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a d a n m a t e m a t i k a s e r t a m e n a m b a h f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n .

m ulti-group

y a n g m e m p e r o l e h %2 = 2 1 8 9 ,4 9 d e n g a n s i g n i f i k a n s i ( p ) < 0 ,0 5 d a n R M S E A > 0 ,0 8 d a r i

Global Goodness o f F it Statistics.

IV. SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI

A. Simpulan

1. B e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 0 r e r a t a s k o r m e m b a c a 4 3 ,8 ; m a t e m a t i k a 3 7 ,8 d a n s a i n s 4 5 ,6 . P a d a t a h u n t e r s e b u t s i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m e m b a c a s e b e s a r 5 5 ,3 % , m a t e m a t i k a 3 1 ,5 % d a n s a i n s 5 9 % . B e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A t a h u n 2 0 0 3 r e r a t a s k o r m e m b a c a 4 8 ,3 ; m a t e m a t i k a 4 0 ,5 d a n s a in s 4 6 ,4 . S i s w a y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r k e l u l u s a n m e m b a c a s e b e s a r 6 8 ,5 % , m a t e m a t i k a 4 2 ,9 % d a n s a in s 6 3 ,2 % . B e r d a s a r k a n d a t a P I S A

(5)

B. Rekomendasi

3 . K e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a p e r l u d i t i n g k a t k a n d e n g a n m e n a m b a h f a s i l i t a s p e n d i d i k a n d a n j u m l a h k o m p u t e r , k a r e n a k e m a m p u a n m e m b a c a d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a d a n s a i n s a k a n m e n i n g k a t . K e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a j u g a d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n d e n g a n m e n a m b a h d a n a s p o n s o r , s e d a n g k e m a m p u a n s a in s d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n d e n g a n m e n i n g k a t k a n k e m a m p u a n m a t e m a t i k a d a n m e n a m b a h f a s i l i t a s s e k o l a h .

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

A y a l a , R . J ., P l a k e , B . S ., & I m p a r a , J. C . ( 2 0 0 1 ) T h e i m p a c t o f o m i t t e d r e s p o n s e s o n t h e a c c u r a c y o f a b i l i t y e s t i m a t i o n i n i t e m r e s p o n s e t h e o r y .

Journal o f

Educational Measurement,

F a l l 2 0 0 1 , V o l . 3 8 , N o . 3 , p p . 2 1 3 - 2 3 4 . B i e l i n s k i , J ., & D a v i s o n , M . L . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . A s e x d i f f e r e n c e b y i t e m d i f f i c u l t y

i n t e r a c t i o n i n m u l t i p l e - c h o i c e m a t h e m a t i c s i t e m s a d m i n i s t e r e d t o n a t i o n a l p r o b a b i l i t y s a m p l e s .

Journal o f Educational M easurement.

S p r i n g 2 0 0 1 , V o l . 3 8 , N o . 1, p p . 5 1 - 7 7 .

B l o o m , B . S . ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

Human characteristic and school learning.

N e w Y o r k : M c G r a w - H i l l b o o k C o m p a n y .

(6)

Journal o f Educational M easurement.

W i n t e r 2 0 0 3 , V o l . 4 0 , N o . 4 , p p . 2 8 1 - 3 0 6 .

H a m i l t o n , L . S . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . S t u d y i n g L a r g e - S c a l e R e f o r m s o f I n s t r u c t i o n a l P r a c t i c e ., A n e x a m p l e f r o m m a t h e m a t i c s a n d s c i e n c e .

Educational Evaluation

and Policy Analysis.

S p r i n g 2 0 0 3 . V o l . 2 5 , N o . 1, p p . 1 - 2 9 .

L u n z , M . E ., & B e r g s t r o m , B . A . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . A n e m p i r i c a l s t u d y o f c o m p u t e r i z e d a d a p t i v e t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s .

Journal o f Educational

M easurement.

F a l l 1 9 9 4 , V o l . 3 1 , N o . 3 , p p . 2 5 1 - 2 6 3 .

M e h r e n s , W . A ., & L e h m a n , I. ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

M easurem ent and evaluation in education

and psychology

. N e w Y o r k : H o l t , R i n e h a r t a n d W i n s t o n , I n c

O E C D . ( 2 0 0 7 ) .

Science Competencies fo r Tom orrow ’s World. Executive

Summary.

P r o g r a m m e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d e n t A s s e s s m e n t ( P I S A ) 2 0 0 6 . h t t p : / / w w w . o e c d . D i a k s e s t a n g g a l 2 0 A g u s t u s 2 0 0 9

O E C D . 2 0 0 5 .

PISA 2003 Data Analysis M anual: SPSS® Users

O s h i m a , T . C . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . T h e e f f e c t o f s p e e d i n e s s o n p a r a m e t e r e s t i m a t i o n i n i t e m r e s p o n s e t h e o r y .

Journal o f Educational M easurement.

F a l l 1 9 9 4 , V o l. 3 1 , N o . 3 , p p . 2 0 0 - 2 1 9 .

P I S A 2 0 0 6 : S c i e n c e C o m p e t e n c i e s f o r T o m o r r o w ’s W o r l d E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y © O E C D 2 0 0 7

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Menyajikan Makalah Trend Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Prestasi Siswa Indonesia dalam Studi PISA

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