Review of Related Studies Theoretical Framework

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer provides three parts that will be discussed. The first part is review of related studies, including other related studies previously. Second part is review of related theories which provides some theories in doing this research. Third part is theoretical framework which explains the contribution between the theories and the reviews to solve the problem formulation.

A. Review of Related Studies

This research consists of only one previous study. That research tells about discussing the analysis of directive speech act. The first undergraduate thesis entitled Politeness Strategies Applied in Directive Speech Acts According to The Interpersonal Relationships in “The IT Crowd: Moss and The German by Ciptaningrum 2011 from Sanata Dharma University. The results of the research are: there are five directive speech acts request, suggestion, comment, prohibition, and invitation, four politeness strategies off record, bald on record, positive, and negative strategy, six types of interpersonal relationship among the characters same- sex friendship, cross-sex friendship, friendship association, workplace mentoring relationship, networking workplace relationship, and romantic workplace relationship. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Related to the Ciptaningrum’s research which analyzes about directive speech ach, politeness strategy, and interpersonal relation among the characters, the writer uses different ways in conducting the result through linguistics. However, Ciptaningrum only focuses on those matters without analyzing the factors influencing the character to apply politeness strategy in directive speech act.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics refers to speaker’s meaning or utterance interpretation. The first definition of pragmatics is quoted from Steven C. Levinson, followed by Jenny Thomas and the last is George Yule. Levinson 1983: 21 states that pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. It means that pragmatics cannot be separated from context and principles of language usage. Then, Thomas 1995: 23 defines pragmatics as meaning in interaction. Another definition of pragmatics is also proposed by Yule 1996: 3- 4. He says that pragmatics is the study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. Yule divides the definition of pragmatics into four. First, Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. It means that pragmatics analyzes the meaning behind what people say rather than what the words mean literally. Second, Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. Context here includes to whom the speaker talking, where, when, and under what circumstances. Context has important role in communication between the speaker and the hearer. Third, Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than what is said. By understanding pragmatics, people can explore what is unsaid be recognized as part of what is communicated. Fourth, Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. Relative distances means how close between the speaker and the hearer are communicating each other including physical, social or conceptual closeness. From the definitions above, it can be concluded that Pragmatics is a significant field to study in communication that is about language, context, and the meaning of the utterances between the speaker and the hearer.

2. Speech Act

Pragmatics studies how people understand and produce a speech act in a social situation, usually in conversation. Speech act is a part of pragmatics that studies about utterances. According to Searle in Levinson, 1983: 240, speech act can be classified into five categories, they are representative, directive, commisive, expressive and declaration.

a. Representative

Representative is a kind of speech acts that commits the speaker to state hisher belief about something. Acts of asserting, describing, explaining, concluding and making a statement are the examples of the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI speakers’s intention in uttering hisher belief. Example: The earth is flat. Yule, 1996: 53

b. Directive

Directive is a kind of speech act that is intended to make someone do something. In this case, the speaker utters directive in order to get the prospective action. Acts of requesting, commanding and persuading can be classified into directive. Example: Could you lend me a pen, please? Yule, 1996: 54

c. Commisive

Commisive is kind of speech act that commits the speaker to some future action. Acts of promising, refusing, threatening and pledging can be classified into commisive. Example: We will not do that. Yule, 1996: 54

d. Expressive

Expressive is a kind of speech act that is used by the speaker to express their feeling that are either pain or pleasure. Acts of apologizing, congratulating and thanking can be classified into expressive. Example: Congratulations Yule, 1996: 53

e. Declarative

Declarative is kind of speech act that is used by the speaker to change the reality in accordance with proposition content of the declaration. Act of naming and pronouncing are the example of declarative. Example: I now pronounce you husband and wife. Yule, 1996: 53

3. Requesting speech act

Requesting speech act is commonly used in daily communication which focuses on asking someone the addressee hearer to do something by giving him or her an option for complying and not complying the request. It is a part of directive speech act in pragmatics as stated by Searle because request action has an illocutionary purpose to get the hearer to do something. Trosborg 1995: 192 has divided the requesting speech act according to what the benefit to the speaker and the hearer when they are having conversation. This strategy classifies requesting speech act into four catagories and involves them eight-sub strategies, namely indirect request, hearer-oriented condition, speaker-based condition and direct request. a Indirect request Indirect request is a request without explicit requestive illocutionary force. Consequently, the speaker omits to mention or specify the desired act and avoids mentioning the hearer as the intended agent Trosborg, 1995:192. There is only one strategy of indirect request called hinting strategy. Hinting strategy is used by the speaker by making a request which does not explicitly state that the speaker’s request for the desired action. There are two kinds of hinting strategy. They are 1 mild hint, used by the speaker by leaving out the desired action altogether, and 2 strong hint, used by the speaker by mentioning hisher wish. For example: I have to be at the airport in half an hour. Trosborg, 1995: 205 The request above employs indirect request expression with mild hint strategy. The speaker does not explictly mention that the speaker asks the taxi driver to speed up the taxi since he is in hurry. The speaker leaves out the request, he lets the hearer to figure out by himself whether the speaker wants to speed up the taxi. b Hearer-oriented condition This request conveys that hearer is in a position of control to decide whether or not to perform the request. This request uses two strategies, that strategies are ability willingness and suggestory formula. 1. Ability willingness The condition of ability refers to hearer’s capacity to perform the desired act. Two different conditions are relevant: 1 the inherent capacities of the hearer both physical and mental, 2 the external circumstances relates to time and place of the action. For example : Could you lend me your car? Trosborg, 1995: 205 2. Suggestory formulae By using suggestory formulae, the speaker makes hisher request more tentative and plays down hisher own interest as a beneficinary of the action. For example : How about lending me your car? Trosborg, 1995: 205 c Speaker-based condition By placing the speaker interest above the hearer’s, this request becomes more direct in its demand. There are two strategies in speaker-based condition. They are by using whisesdesires and needsdemands. 1. Wishes or desires The speaker’s statement of hisher intention maybe expressed politely as a wish. For example : I would like to borrow your car. Trosborg, 1995: 205 2. Needs or demands Its a request strategy which expresses the speaker’s request more blindly as demand. For example : I needs to borrow your car. Trosborg, 1995: 205 d Direct Request The speaker who wants to make the request in the form of performative statement or an imperative, thereby isuing an order. This request uses three strategies namely obligation, performative, and imperative. 1. Obligation This strategy is used by employing a statement of obligation. When employing this strategy, the speaker exerts either hisher authority, or heshe refers to some authority outside the speaker. For example : You have to lend me your car. Trosborg, 1995: 205 2. Performative The inclusion of performative verb conveys requestive intent, e.g. asking, requesting, demanding, commanding, and explicitly marking the utterence as an order. For example : I would like to ask you to borrow your car. Trosborg, 1995: 205 3. Imperative Imperative is the grammatical form directly signaling that the utterance is an order. An order issued by authority figures must be obeyed, such as the older’s to the younger’s. For example : Lend me your car Trosborg, 1995: 205

4. Politeness

Politeness is a complex system for softening face threats Brown and Levinson, 1978: 13. It is also defined as the strategies employed by the speaker to achieve a variety of goals, such as promoting or maintaing harmonious relationship. Then, Leech 1983: 19 states that politeness is strategic conflic avoidance which can be measured in terms of the degree of effort put into the avoidance of a conflict situation. In short, politeness is defined as using communicative strategies to create and maintain social harmony as stated by Culpeper 1996: 349. Politeness can be done in many various ways, they are being contextually appropriate, following social and cultural norms, and being socially positive by addresing face needs. There are many experts discussing about politeness strategy. This research only uses politeness strategy proposed by Brown and Lenvinson as an approach to analyze the data. This theory is choosen to explain about politeness strategy in detail. Brown and Levinson 1987: 92 have divided the politeness strategies according to how much the speakers and the hearers minimize the threat when they are having conversation. The strategies range from doing the FTA directly without minimizing the threat at all to not doing FTA. They are bald- on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategy.

a. Bald-on Record

Bald-on record strategy does not attempt to minimize the threat to hearer’s face. Brown and Levinson state that speaker mostly uses bald-on record strategy when she wants to do FTA Face Threatening Acts with maximum efficiency toward the hearer’s face Brown and Levinson, 1987: 95. This strategy will make the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI hearer feels uncomfortable. This strategy is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous, and concise way. This strategy is usually employed in some occasion, such as in emergency situation, unequal power relationship, and task oriented activities. For example: Give me a pen Yule, 1996: 63

b. Positive Politiness

Positive politeness provides an attempt to minimize the damage to the hearer’s face Brown and Levinson, 1987: 101. This strategy is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. There are some indication of positive politeness strategy, such as using in-group indetity makers, offering solidarity through friendship, seeking agreement, avoiding disagreement, presupposition raise assert common ground, joking, asserting or presuppose speaker’s knowledge, concerning for hearer’s wants, offering and promising, being optimistic, including both speaker and hearer in the actvity, giving or asking reasons, assuming or asserting recipocity, giving gifts to hearer goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation, etc 1987: 102. For example : How about letting me use your pen? Yule, 1996: 64

c. Negative Politeness

Brown and Levinson 1987: 129 state that negative politeness attends to a person’s negative face needs, which appeals to the hearer’s desire not to be impeded or put upon and to be left free to act as they want. This strategy is to express respect and consideration. There are some indication of negative politeness strategy, such as being conventionally indirect, questioning, hedge, being pesimistic, minimizing the imposition or friction, formality in language use, apoligizing, giving deference and respect 1987: 130. For example: Could you lend me your pen? Yule, 1996: 64

d. Off-record Strategy

A communicative act is done by using off record strategy if it is not possible to attribute only one clear intention act Brown and Levinson, 1987. When the speaker uses this strategy, she he wants to avoid the responsibility for doing FTA. As stated by Brown and Levinson, 1987: 211, this strategy is used when the speaker wants to damage another’s face without any responsibility of doing it, by leaving it up to the hearers to be interpreted by themselves. For example: Uh, I forgot my pen. Yule, 1996: 63

C. Theoretical Framework

The aim of this study is to know the strategy of requesting speech act in the Frozen and the types of politeness strategy applied in that movie. Some applicable theories are used in this research to support the process of the data analysis. First, researcher uses Searle’s theory about classification speech act especially directive requesting speech act. And then, researcher uses Trosborg ’s theory in Searle’s statement about speaker based-condition and hearer oriented-condition to solve the problem one. From that theory, researcher can classify the strategies is applied in Frozen. Last, the researcher uses Brown and Levinson ’s theory about politeness strategy to solve last problem that is the type of politeness strategy that applied in the movie. The end of this process produces the classification of speaker- based condition and hearer-oriented condition also politeness strategy applied in Frozen. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 18

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is important to know how research is done scientifically to solve the research problem Kothari, 1990: 8. This research belongs to descriptive qualitative study. It means that this research uses descriptive method which emphasis on describing the data used in the research. In conducting the research, the researcher only examines the data and it is not propose any hypothesis as it started from a phenomenon. In qualitative research, the data can be in the form of words, sentences, and terminology. Milles and Huberman 1984: 21 state that the qualitative research is essentially an investigating process: someone investigates a kind of social phenomenon by contrasting, comparing, replicating, cataloging, or classifying the object. This research does not include any calculation or enumeration, since the data produced are in the form of word. It is like what is stated by Bogdan and Taylor in Moleong, 2000: 3 that qualitative research is a research that produces descriptive data consisting of written and spoken words and also behavior. In this research, the researcher finds the phenomena which are in the form of subtitle of original movie script Frozen. There are some utterances to be analyzed. Therefore, the researcher is interested in conducting a research to analyze request speech act of the subtitle.