many experiences in teaching which shown by their teaching period. The third was a lecturer who guides the writer in designing the material. The participants served as
the evaluator of the designed material. The writer hoped that the participants would give evaluation, feedback, and
comments on the designed material. From the evaluation, feedback, and comments that had been gathered, the writer would make revision and improvement on the
materials.
C. Research Instruments
In this part, the writer discussed the instruments conducted in the pre-design study and post-design study. The instruments were needed in order to know whether
the material for the students of eighth grade of SMP Taman Dewasa Ibu Pawiyatan Yogyakarta were acceptable or not. Instrument of the study is a mean that is used to
gather the data needed. In the pre-design study the writer used interview and questionnaire, for the post-design study the writer used questionnaire.
1. Pre-design Study
In the pre-design study, the writer applied the first step of R D cycle. The first step was Research and Information Collecting. In the pre-design study, the
writer employed two instruments. The first instrument that the writer employed was interview. Interview is an instrument to gather information needed through question
and answer held by the interviewer and interviewee. According to Wallace 1998: 146, there are three kinds of interview, namely structured interview, unstructured
interview, and semi-structured interview. According to Ary 2002: 382, one of the most important aspects of the interview is its flexibility. The interviewer had the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
opportunity to observe the subject and the total solution in which he or she collected respond.
Questions could be repeated or their meaning explained in case they are not understood by the participants. The purpose of conducting this kind of interview was
to obtain information about the students’ background knowledge and to find out the data about the teaching learning process conducted in the reading class. The data
gathered from interview will be used as supporting data to design the materials. The writer used semi-structured interview in order to create conducive atmosphere so that
the interviewee could give more detailed responses. The second instrument used in this study was pre-design questionnaire.
Questionnaire is an instrument to gather information through the respondents’ written responses to a list of questions. Ary 1972: 175 stated that there are two
types of questionnaires; they are structured or closed questionnaire and constructed or open questionnaire. Closed or structured questionnaire is questionnaire which
gives the participants some alternatives. There are two forms of questionnaire, closed and open form. In the closed form, the answer should be written down so that the
participants just choose one of the options. This was meant to avoid respondents’ misinterpretation. In the open form the respondents could write down their opinions
freely in order to know the reason of answers or options. In this study, the questionnaires given were closed and open form. It was called as semi-open
questionnaire. The writer hoped by using both kinds of questionnaires would obtain appropriate information from the students to design the material.
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In order to avoid misunderstanding between the writer’s and the students, the writer made the questionnaire in Indonesian. It was hoped that the participant
understood the content of the questionnaire and answer it correctly.
2. Post-design Study
