Definition of Personality Types of Personality
23 that multiple genes are needed and involved in determining a person’s trait. There
are many psychologists who believe that the development of a person’s personality is influenced by many factors and determinants. According to Sinha
2016, there are three factors influencing personality development:
1 Biological Factors
Biological factors do not take much part on helping a person develop his personality. Its influences are limited and indirect, including genetic, hereditary
factors, physical appearance and physique and rate of maturation Sinha, 2016. The characteristics, such as aggressiveness, nervousness, timidity and sociability,
are strongly influenced by genetic endowment. The children reliably classified as active, moderately active or quiet are the differences attributable to hereditary
endowments, although training and learning may produce noticable modifications. Here, the environment and culture also take a decisive role.
The physical appearance and physique also influence the development of personality. According to Kretschmer Hurlock, 1974, there are three main types
of a person’s physical appearance that are related to the development of personality. The first type is called pyknic, who has a round body build, short
neck, fat face, broad trunk, and short arms and legs, and also has a tendency to put on weight. A person of this type tends to be extroverted, with oscilliation of mood
and cycles of depression and elation alternating with normal mood states. In the elated states, they are jolly, cheerful, and sociable, but this mood is soon replaced
by a state of depression in which they are quiet, calm, and moody. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
24 The second type is called asthenic. A person of this type is lean and
angular, with long arms and legs. Asthenics tend to have autistic or introverted personalities. They are shy, sulky, draw away from social contacts, fail to react
with normal emotions to members of family and friends, lacking in humor, and are insensitive toward the feelings of others but oversensitive about the way others
treat them. The third type is called athletic. An athletic is intermediate in build, with pronounced musculature. They love actions, risks, and thrills. They also are
craving for muscular activity, aggressive, and lust for power. Kretschmer also explained the fourth type which he called dysplastic. This type is a mixture of the
other three types.
2 Cultural Determinants
Humans are social beings who depends on others to keep on living. All human beings live in society, an interacting group of people which shares
distinctive culture, knowledge, way of thinking, feelings, attitudes, goals, ideals and value system. A child grows in a certain environment will develop their
characteristics and personality based on the traits belong in that environment. Therefore, social environments play the most important role in the development of
a person’s personality. Culture regulates people’s lives and influences the development of their
personality at every turn. It also limits the development of personality according to the concepts and expectations of approved behaviour in that culture. There are
cultural variations in the methods of achieving such goals as to perpetuating the group and maintaining solidarity or for satisfying basic needs of its members.
25 There are also social class groupings in cultural society. A person from
different socio-economic backgrounds differ in personality structure, behaviour and attitudes. Therefore, the variation in social class leads to the setting of variety
of aim, modes and methods in developing social behaviour, and cause individuals to vary in the development of personality.
3 Family Influences
All psychologists believe that the ultimate aim of personality development is the development of social behaviour of children. Individual infant acquires the
behavioural potentialities by the process of socialization which is limited by the acceptable standards belong in the family and also the social group. An infant’s
first social learning occurs at home. An infant’s earliest experiences with the family members, specially the mother, will determine his attitude toward others in
the future. The early mother-child relationship is widely believed as the most influential factor that will determine not only a child’s behaviour but also his
subsequent and long-term adjustment. The child-rearing practices also are taken into account as influencing the
personality development. The parental attitude toward the child’s growing independence and curiosity strongly influences the development of important
motives, like, curiosity, and the drives for autonomy, independence, mastery, competence, and achievement, as well as inteligence. The various types of home
atmosphere also influence the child’s personality development. A child living in a home with democratic atmosphere tend to possess strong self-concept in the
26 future. In contrary, a child brought up in the authoritative atmosphere tend to be
quet, well-behaved, shy, and socially unassertive.