Gayoness the word “dere” pukul which stands as verb change into noun after being attached with prefix pe- into “pendere” pemukul.
There are 10 prefixes in English : in-adj, un- adj, un-verb, dis-verb, dis- noun, dis-adj, dis-verb,re- verb, ex-noun, in- noun while in
Gayoness we found that there are 7 prefixes : mu-, pe-, be-, ke-, te-, i-, and se- -. So in this thesis, the writer will contrast the use of the 10 prefixes in
English to 7 prefixes in Gayoness to find out the differences between the two languages.
1.2 Problems of Analysis
In this thesis, there are two problems as follows: 1. How are the morphological process of prefix in English and Gayonese?
2. Are there any correspondences, partly correspondences and non- correspondences of analysis of form, distribution, function, and meaning
of prefix in both languages?
1.3 Objectives of Analysis In the process of analysis, the writer would like to find out two objectives below:
1. To explain the morphological process of prefix in English and Gayonese. 2. To find out the correspondence, partly correspondence and non-
correspondence of analysis of form, distribution, function, and meaning of prefix in both languages.
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1.4 Scope of Analysis
This thesis is focused only on contrasting of 10 prefixes in English, there are in-adj, un- adj, un-verb, dis-verb, dis- noun, dis-adj, dis-verb,re-
verb, ex-noun, in- noun with 8 prefixes in Gayonese, there are mu-, pe-, be-, ke-, te-, i-, and se- which are attached to word and contrasting them
from the aspect of form, distribution, function and meaning.
1.5 Significances of Analysis
The significances which will be expected from this thesis are as follows: 1. To show the readers the morphological process of prefix in English and
Gayonese. 2. To show the readers about the contrastive prefixes in both languages.
3. It is expected to be used as the reference to the students who are studying in Linguistics.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
2.1 Theoretical Framework 2.1.1 Morphology
Morphology is a part of Linguistics. It is a study of words. There are some definitions of morphology based on some experts as follows:
John Lions 1968 says : “….morphology deals with the internal structure of
words…” L. Bloomfield 1973 says:
“ By the morphology of a language we mean the constructions in which bound forms appear among the
constituents.” H.A. Gleason 1970 says:
“….morphology is the description of the more intimate combinations of morphemes, roughly what are familiarly
called ‘words’….” Charles F. Hockett 1958 : 177 says:
“Morphology includes the stock or segmental morpheme and the ways in which words are built out of them”.
From the definitions above we can conclude that Morphology is a branch of Linguistics that studies the word form, the forming process of word and also its
changing in forms which creates the difference in function and meaning.
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Morphology, Phonology, Phonemics and Syntax are related each other. However, based on the object of study each of them has different scope. The
object of Morphology is called Morpheme, the object of Phonology is sound, the object of Phonemics is Phoneme, and the object of Syntax is sentence.
2.1.2 Morpheme
There are some definitions of Morpheme based on experts: L. Bloomfield says in his book,” Linguistics form which bears no partial
phonetic – semantics resemblance to any other form is a simple form morpheme.” Charles F. Hockett says that Morphemes are the smallest individually meaningful
elements in the utterances of a language”. Then, Ramlan 1980:11 says,
“Morpheme adalah bentuk yang paling kecil yang tidak mempunyai bentuk lain sebagai unsurnya.” Morpheme
is the smallest element which cannot be divided into any other forms.
So we can conclude that Morpheme is the smallest element that cannot be divided into several elements and has a meaning. All the based form is
Morpheme. In Linguistics we can find that Morpheme is classified into two: Free Morpheme and Bound Morpheme. Free Morpheme is a morpheme that can stand
alone independent without bound morpheme. For example : run, read, far, etc. While bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone dependent but
have to attach to free morpheme. For example: Affixation: Prefix, Suffix, and Infix.
In English, there are 10 prefixes : in-adj, un- adj, un-verb, dis-verb, dis- noun, dis-adj, dis-verb,re- verb, ex-noun, in- noun. For example,
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the word discount in English has a new meaning as “reduction in price” after being attached together. Discount derives from the combination of prefix dis-
and verb count. While in Gayonese the are 7 prefixes : mu-, pe-, be-, ke-, te-, i-, and se-. For example, the word munyara derives from the combination
of prefix mu- and sara which means “unite” in English and “menyatu” in Bahasa.
2.1.3 Word
Based on the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary1995:1374, Word is a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent
unite of a language. From the statement above, we can conclude that word is the smallest free element or we can also say that every free element is a word. There
are some criterions that can be used to identify a word: 1.
A word might consists of one free morpheme. For example : sick, sleep, fall, etc. These are called simple words.
2. A word might consists of one free morpheme and minimum one bound
morpheme. For example: unlock, unreal, dismiss, etc. These are called complex words.
3. A word might consists of one bound morpheme or more with one more
bound morpheme with it. From example : unbreakable, unfaithfully, etc. These are also called complex words.
4. A word might consists of one free morpheme and one free morpheme or
one bound morpheme. For example in Bahasa we find the word: matahari, hulubalang, syahbandar. These are called compound word.
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So, we can conclude that each basic form is morpheme but not every morpheme can be classified as word and not all morphemes can be made into
basic form.
2.2 An Account on Morphological Process
According to Nida, Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words 1967 : 1. Charles F. Hockett, 1958 :177 says, “
Morphology includes the stock or segmental morpheme and the ways in which words are built out of them.” Katamba 1994 : 3 says that “morphology is study
of internal structure.” Then, Samsuri 1975:37 states: “Suatu cara pembentukan kata-kata
dengan menghubungkan morfem yang satu dengan morfem yang lain.” The way of words forming by relating one morpheme to another.
From the explanation given above, it is clear that morphology is the study of word forming which also distinguish a word from morpheme. For example the
word recheck has two morphemes : re- which is bound morpheme and check which is free morpheme. Re- is dependent morpheme and can not stand alone if
it is combined with other independent morpheme. So we can conclude that morphological process is the process of morphological which includes the
Affixation Prefixation, Suffixation, Infixation Circumfixation, Modification and Reduplication. A morphological process is a means of changing a stem to adjust
its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational context.
http:www.sil.orglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsAMorphologicalProces s.htm
.
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Most languages that are agglutinative in any way use suffixation. Some of these languages also use prefixation and infixation. Very few languages use only
prefixation, and none employ only infixation or any of the other types of morphological processes listed below. Affixation is the morphological process
whereby an affix is attached to a root or stem. Affixation is divided into three, as follows:
1. Prefixation is a
Prefixation morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is
attached to the front of a root or stem. The kind of affix involved in this process is called a prefix.
Example English
The prefix un- attaches to the front of the stem selfish to form the word unselfish.
• un- + selfish
→ unselfish
2. Suffixation is a
Suffixation morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is
attached to the end of a stem. The kind of affix involved in this process is called a suffix.
Example English
The past tense suffix -ed attaches to the end of the stem walk to form the past tense verb walked.
• walk + -ed
→ walked
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3. Infixation is a
Infixation morphological process whereby a bound morpheme attaches
within a root or stem. The kind of affix involved in this process is called an infix.
Example: Philippines Tagalog
The focus marker -um- is a infix which is added after the first consonant of the root.
• bili: root ‘buy’
• bumili: word ‘bought’
Other kinds of morphological process are as follows: 1.
Circumfixation Circumfixation is a morphological process whereby an affix made up of
two separate parts surrounds and attaches to a root or stem. 2.
Modification is a morphological process which produces an alteration within a
Modification
root or stem.
Example English
The root man is modified when it it undergoes the pluralization that results in the form men.
Source: Matthews 1991:136
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3. Reduplication is a
Reduplication morphological process in which a root or stem or part of it
is repeated.
Example Ilocano, Philippines Singular
Plural pingan dish
pingpingan dishes
talon field taltalon fields
In Gayonese, there are 3 kinds of morphological process: Prefixes, Infixes, and Suffixes. Below are some examples for each of the Affixation in
Gayonese:
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No. Affixations No. Examples
Meaning
1. Prefixes
1. mu- mu- + nebang
→ munebang Menebang
2. pe- pe- + dabak
→ pedabak penipu pembohong
3. be- be- + atur
→ beratur Teratur
4. ke- ke- + due
→ kedue Kedua
5. te- te- + remah
→ teremah Terbawa
6. i- . i- + perjak
→ iperjak diinjak pasif
7. se- se- + métér
→ semétér satu meter
2. Infixes
1.-em- -em- + ralan
→ remalan Berjalan
2. -en- -en- + taring
→ tenaring Peninggalan
3. Suffixes
1. -an, -en
-an + uten → anuten
Hanyutkan 2. -i,
-ni
-i + muneram →munerami
Menerjangi
3. -é, -ku,
-mu, -mé,
té. -é + ijuel
→ ijuelé -ku + ama
→ amaku -mu + baju
→ bajumu -mé + ine
→inemé té + umah
→ umahté Dijualnya
bapakku bajumu
ibu kalian rumah kita
3. -a -a + ama
→ama’a bapak itu
4. -ke -ke + ara
→arake adakah?
5. - le - le + oya
→oyale Itulah
6. -mi -mi + beluh
→beluhmi Pergilah
7. -péh -péh + aku
→akupéh Akupun
8. -ne -ne + soboh
→sobohne subuh tadi
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2.3 A Brief Discussion of Contrastive Analysis
