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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher presents some theories that are used in conducting this research. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first
section is the theoretical description and the second one is the theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
In this section, the researcher uses theories that directly relevant to the research are presented. There are five basic theories that are going to discuss.
Those theories are perception, listening media, instructional design, and electronic learning.
1. Perception
This section is divided into two parts. The first one is definition of perception. The second is the factors that influencing perception.
a. Definition of Perception
Based on Huffman 2000, perception is a process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data into useful mental representations of the world.
George and Jones 2008 also have the same meaning with Huffman but in the simplest way. They say perception as the process when people select, organize,
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try to choose an object then set it up into their mind and interpret it. Robbins 2001 states that perception is a process by which people organize and interpret
their sensory opinions in order to give interpretation to the environment around them. It also means that by giving perceptions is giving opinions also. Perception
is also the process whereby an individual becomes aware of the world around oneself Kemp, 1980.
Figure 2.1 The Perceptual Process Altman et al, 1985, p. 86
Based on the Figure 2.1, perceptions appear because there are stimuli at the beginning of the process. Just like Altman, Valenzi, and Hodgetts 1985
define that perception is the way a stimulus is selected and classified by a person so that it can be interpreted clearly. In other words, perception is a
someone’s view in facing the reality. Perception is a process that makes people understand
the environment around them. Sensor
Selection of Stimuli
Perception, organization,
and interpretation
of stimuli Stimuli
Behavioral response
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b. Factors Influencing Perception
Altman et al. 1985 state that there are four factors that influence perception. Those are the selection of stimuli, the organization of stimuli, the
situation, and the self-concept. The explanations are as follows.
1 Selection of Stimuli
Generally, every person will only focus on a small number of stimuli. This is known as a selection. It is one of the reasons people perceive things in different
ways. People select the certain or the specific stimuli. 2
Organization of Stimuli
Altman 1985 states that organization of stimuli is the second factor that influence perception. The brain makes effort to select certain items of information
and then put them together in a meaningful way p. 87. After the information is gathered, it has to be organized to be meaningful.
3 Situation
Altman 1985 says that the situation which influences someone to perceive can be in a
form of someone’s familiarity with, expectations about, a situation, as well as his or her past experiences p. 89. It is related with the
situation which is the combination of past experience with the expectation happened. So perception is also affected by the experience.
4 Self-concept
Altman 1985 states that the self-concept is the way an individual feels about and perceives his or herself p. 90. Warga 1983 also defines self-concept
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what he says about himself or what other people see him p. 81. It means that self-concept is the way we look inside ourselves. It is the image of ourselves and
it is essential to determine what we perceive and do.
2. Listening Media
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