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b. Illocutionary Acts
According to Searle 1969, illocutionary acts perform the acts of doing something. Speakers may communicate their intention to do something by
speaking the words. Cutting 2002 adds that illocutionary acts mean the specific function and purpose of the words that the speakers have in mind p. 16.
Searle 1969 categorizes the illocutionary acts based on various criteria. The categorization consists of five types and those types are elaborated more as
follows.
1 Assertive
Assertive is an act which commits the speaker to the actual case or something which is true. It is an act in which the words state what the speaker
believes Cutting, 2002, p. 17. It includes the act of stating, suggesting, boasting, complaining, claiming, reporting, etc Leech, 1983, p. 105. As the example is the
utterance, “I feel grateful.” In the utterance, the speaker wants to say or report to the hearers that heshe is grateful. The utterance is merely reporting Austin,
1962, p. 79.
2 Directive
Directive is an act which is used to make the hearers perform some particular action. It intends to produce some effects through action by the hearer.
Directive includes the act of ordering, commanding, requesting, advising, recommending, etc Searle, 1969. As the example is when the speaker says,
“Please pass the salt.” By speaking that utterance, the speaker gives the request to the hearers and makes the hearers pass the salt Searle, 1969, p. 53.
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3 Commissive
Commissive is an act which commits the speaker to the future action. The speaker may perform a particular action in the future by doing the act of
commissive. It includes the act of promising, vowing, offering, etc. As the example is in the utterance, “I shall do my best.” The utterance shows that the
speaker performs the act of promising Austin, 1962, p. 77.
4 Expressive
Expressive is an act which has a function to express the feeling of the speaker. It particularly shows attitude or emotion toward some specific things
through utterances. It includes the act of thanking, congratulating, pardoning, apologizing, blaming, praising, condoling, etc. As the example is in the
utterances, “I am willing to apologize,” and “I am sorry to have to say …” The utterances show the act of apologizing Austin, 1962, p. 80-81.
5 Declaration
Declaration is an act which expresses a declaration that may change a particular matter. Searle 1969 says that this category is special since it is
performed by some institutional frameworks, judges and ministers for instance. Declaration includes the act of resigning, dismissing, christening, naming,
excommunicating, appointing, sentencing, etc.
c. Perlocutionary Acts
Perlocutionary acts perform the acts of affecting people. These acts use language as a tool which will give such effects to the hearer. According to Searle
1969, perlocutionary acts include the act of persuading, amusing, embarrassing, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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