CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter consists of three sections namely review of theories, review of related studies and theoretical framework. The review of theories examines the
theories applied to conduct the study, the review of related studies provides insights for the study and the theoretical framework clarifies the contribution of
the theories in solving the problem formulation.
2.1 Review of Theories
The section presents the theories exercised in the study. The first section talks about ideology as it is what the study about. It presents the concept of
ideology, ideology and discourse, ideology and power and ideology of punk. The second section is about the method of the study, Critical Discourse Analysis. It is
the general framework of the study. By reviewing the theory, the study is led to reveal the ideology and power imbalance in practice in a society. The third section
is about the concept of protest songs. It provides the concept of how the songs used as the protest medium. The fourth section is about the Systemic Functional
Grammar from Halliday 2004 elaborated with other experts. It presents concept of transitivity, modality and pronoun. It used as the tool to observing data.
2.1.1 Ideology
The term, ideology is controversial. It is because there are many definitions and notions of the term. Hence, it is better to start with its very beginning notion.
The ideology was used by Antonine Loues Claude Destutt de Tracy in 1796 for the first time. The term used to officially states the ideas of a particular group of
scholars in France. The idea is about the new empiricist ‘science of ideas’ the studies of how people think, speak, and argue. Simply, ideology is about the
origins of the ideas. The ideas addressed to young people due to their minds are not full of the ‘fixed ideas’ compared to the minds of established scholars
therefore it is not difficult to change. People who support the idea are in a group called themselves as the ideologists. Parson 1951: 39 asserts that ideology is “a
system of beliefs held in common by the members of a collectivity”. From the explanation, two main points can be taken out are the ‘system of beliefs’ and the
‘members of collectivity’. The two main points above considered as the basic notion to understand the
concept of ideology. The system of beliefs might define as ‘the set of principles’ while the members of collectivity defined as ‘the group of people who shared the
same ideology and essentially have been controlled by the ideology. Thus, the ideology is about a theory or set of beliefs or principles that underlie the group. A
group could be a political group, party, or organization. However, the existence of an ideology might have relevancy to other ideologies. Nazism, National
Socialism, for example, has relevant beliefs to nationalism and racism. The Nazism held racial theories based upon the belief of the existence of an Aryan
master race that was superior to all races. Nazi ideology was developed by intense nationalists whose only interests were the future of Germany and German-
speaking Aryan people. The people who support Nazism called as Nazi. They are PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
“a member of the National Socialist Workers’ Party led by Adolf Hitler which controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945” CALD3.
The ideology is not merely descriptive but it is practical as well. It is not only about a number of very general ideas that are the basis of group members’
specific beliefs about the world that guide their interpretation of events but it also influences their social practice. According to Fairclough 2003: 9, “Ideologies are
representation of aspects of the world which can be shown to contribute, to establishing, maintaining, and changing social relations of power, domination, and
exploitation”. Thus, ideology is practical as the power holders use the belief to control the powerless people.
Ideology is the power and domination, which owned by a group who have positions, attitudes, beliefs, and perspectives. Government is a group of people
who has power and domination since they are officially controlled a country. In relation to the Nazism, Nazi has power and domination to control Germany
because of the position of Adolf Hitler as the leader of nation. He is hegemonic; he has position of being the strongest and most powerful and therefore can control
others. The control itself is about the order, limit or rule people’s actions or behavior. In a country, laws and policies become government’s tools to control
people. The ideology may be more or less positive and negative depending on our
point of view or group membership. Marx and Engels define ideology in a negative sense. They state, “Ideologies are systems of false ideas representing the
consciousness of the ruling class, and used to promote and legitimize its power”. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
