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C. Research Instruments
The research used three instruments to gather data. In line with Gardner Miller 1997 the instruments in the study were an observation checklist, a
questionnaire, and an interview. The instruments were used to gather the data in order to answer the research questions in the problem formulation.
1. Observation Checklist
The first instrument was the observation checklist. As cited from teachingenglish.org.uk 2009 “an observation checklist is a list of things that an
observer is going to look at when observation is done in a class”. The observation checklist was used twice. The first observation was done on January 27, 2010 and the
second observation was done on February 03, 2010. It was used to answer the first research question. The list was prepared by the researcher before the observation was
held. The preliminary research was done before the first observation was held.
According to Cohen, Manion, and Morrison 2000: 293, “Observational data are attractive as they afford the researcher the opportunity to gather “live” data from
“live” situation”. In other words, by carrying out observation, the researcher would be able to look at the real condition of the participants being observed. The researcher
used observation since it gave data on every action taking place in the classroom. Morrison 2000: 293 stated that observation will enable the researcher to gather data
on physical setting, human setting, interactional setting, as well as program setting.
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There are two types of observation; participant observation and nonparticipant observation. In doing the research, the researcher used nonparticipant observation. In
nonparticipant observation, the observer did not really involve in the teaching and learning process or activities of the group Razavieh. 2002: 430. The researcher
purely observed the students in the classroom. It was done in order to minimize the missing data on the students’ progress and provide truthful data. Therefore, a
nonparticipant observer would be very helpful in this research. The instrument on class observation was constructed by considering the
indicators shown in following Table 3.2. The indicators were made by considering the interactive system Biggs, 1992: 3-6 that has three elements: presage, process
and product or learning outcome.
Table 3.2 Observation Blueprint of Students Behavior in SALL
INDICATORS ITEMS
A. Students’ behavior before learning English using SALL 1. time perspective
2. self-confidence 3. preparation
B. Students’ behavior while learning English using SALL 1. self-confidence in facing achievement related task
2. preference of levels of difficulties 3. persistence in case of failure
4. competition with others 5. time perspective
C. Students’ behavior after learning English using SALL 1. time-perspective
2. self-confidence in facing problems related task 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
TOTAL 20
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2. Questionnaire
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