67 00 33 67 13.2 33 67 00 33 67 Urea lepas lambat dengan penyalutan poliakrilamida, poliakrilat, dan parafin

UREA LEPAS LAMBAT DENGAN PENYALUTAN POLIAKRILAMIDA, POLIAKRILAT, DAN PARAFIN SUJONO SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR BOGOR 2013 23 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abraham J. 1997. Controlled Release Fertilizer Formulation Based on Polymers. [tesis]. Kottayam: Mahatma Gandhi University. Al-Zahrani SM. 2000. Utilization of polyethylene and paraffin waxes as controlled delivery systems for different fertilizers. Ind Eng Chem Res 39:367- 371. Hekmat A, Barati A, Frahani EV, Afraz A. 2009. Synthesis and analysis of swelling and controlled release behaviour of anionics sIPN acrylamide based hydrogel. Eng Technol 56:96-100. Hoeung P, Bindari Y, Senda SP. 2011. Development of granular urea-zeolite slow release fertilizer using inclined pan granulator. Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 10 2: 102-111. Hua S, Wang A. 2009. Synthesis, characterization and swelling behaviors of sodium alginate-g-polyacrylic acidsodium humate superabsorbent. Carbohydrate Polymers 75: 79-84. Jagadeeswaran R, Murugappan V, Govindaswamy M. 2005. Effect of slow release NPK fertilizer sources on the nutrient use efficiency in turmeric Curcuma longa L.. World Agric Sci 1:65-69. Liang R, Yuan H, Xi G, Zhou Q. 2009. Synthesis of wheat straw-g-polyacrylic acid superabsorbent composites and release of urea from it. Carbohydr Polym 77:181-187. Mahdavinia GR, Mousavi SB, Karimi F, Marandi GB, Garabaghi H. 2009. Synthesis of porous polyacrylamide hydrogels using calcium carbonate and its application for slow release of potassium nitrate. Express Polymer Letters 5: 279-285. Mas’ud ZA, Khoti M, Sari N, Nur A. 20 3. Synthesis of cassava waste pulp- acrylamide super absorbent: effect of initiator and cross-linker concentration. Indo. J. Chem 13 1: 66-71. Moad G dan Solomon DH. 2006. The chemistry of radical polymerization. Ed ke- 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS. 2001. Introduction to spectroscopy. Ed ke-3. USA: Thomson Learning. Savci S. 2012. An agricultural pollutant: chemical fertilizer. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 3 1: 77-80. Shaviv A. 2005. Controlled Release Fertilizers, IFA International Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers. Paris: International Fertilizer Industry Assosciation. Subbarao CH, Kartheek G, Sirisha D. 2013. Slow release of potash fertilizer through polymer coating. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 11 1: 25-30. Suherman, Anggoro DD. 2011. Producing slow release urea by coating with starchacrylic acid in fluid bed spraying. International Journal of Engineering Technology 116: 77-80. Talaat HA, Sorour MH, Aboulnour AG, Shaalan HF, Ahmed EM, Awad AM, Ahmed MA. 2008. Development of a multi-component fertilizing hydrogel 24 with relevant techno-economic indicators. American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci 3 5: 764-770. Trenkel ME. 2010. Slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers: An Option for Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency in Agriculture. Paris: International Fertilizer Industry Association. Tzika M, Alexandridou S, Kiparissides C. 2003. Evaluation of the morphological and release characteristics of coated fertilizer granules produced in a Wurster fluidized bed. Powder Technology 132: 16-24. Zheng T, Liang Y, Ye S, He Z. 2009. Superabsorbent hydrogel as carriers for the controlled-release of urea: Experiments and a mathematical model describing the release rate. Biosyst Eng 102:44-50. 25 Lampiran 1 Diagram alir penelitian Uji leaching dalam tanah Uji release dalam air Analisis urea Metode DMAB, Spektrofotometri Pendekatan model rilis dan leaching serta penentuan kinetika rilis Urea Granul 1,5 - 2 mm Penyalutan dengan polimer hidrogel dan parafin dalam reaktor terkendali Spektroskopi IR, Pemayaran SEM Komposisi penyalut, pembengkakan hidrogel Lampiran 2 Hasil analisis urea dari pelepasan pupuk dalam air 27 Lanjutan Lampiran 2 Urea tanpa penyalut Urea tersalut parafin 20 Waktu menit Abs terkoreksi [U] mgL Waktu menit Abs terkoreksi [U] mgL 0.515 1 0.508 3 5 1.373 444 5 0.361 127 10 1.469 475 10 0.510 179 15 1.485 480 15 0.717 250 30 1.501 485 30 0.946 329 60 1.518 491 60 1.120 389 120 1.507 487 120 1.220 424 180 1.501 485 180 1.237 429 240 1.530 495 240 1.254 435 Final 1.490 497 Final 1.288 447 Urea tersalut poliakrilamida-MBA dan parafin 20 Urea tersalut poliakrilat-MBA dan parafin 20 Waktu menit Abs terkoreksi [U] mgL Waktu menit Abs terkoreksi [U] mgL 0.515 6 0.515 6 5 0.371 133 5 0.249 91 10 0.711 251 10 0.431 154 15 0.914 321 15 0.591 209 30 1.046 366 30 1.001 351 60 1.138 398 60 1.148 401 120 1.127 394 120 1.184 414 180 1.138 398 180 1.191 416 240 1.116 390 240 1.204 421 Final 1.112 389 Final 1.188 415 Keterangan: [U] = konsentrasi urea Standar urea std-1 untuk pengukuran urea tanpa penyalut, std-2 untuk urea tersalut parafin 20, std-3 untuk urea tersalut poliakrilamida-MBA parafin 20 dan urea tersalut poliakrilat-MBA parafin 20. Contoh perhitungan Pada urea tanpa penyalut pada menit ke-5: Persamaan linear sesuai dengan Std-1, yaitu y = 0.0031x + 0.0031 Jika y = absorbans maka x = Lampiran 3 Hasil analisis urea dari pelepasan pupuk dalam tanah 29 Lanjutan lampiran 3 Urea tanpa penyalut Waktu Abs [U] mgL P [U] X P V mL W urea g W kum kum 0.517 5.276 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 30 1.762 434.586 30 13038 38.2440 0.5167 0.4986 98.15 1 J 0.624 42.172 15 633 4.7337 0.0050 0.5016 98.74 2 J 0.752 86.310 1 86 50.4504 0.0095 0.5060 99.60 3 J 0.541 13.552 1 14 24.6267 0.0070 0.5063 99.66 4 J 0.515 4.586 1 5 38.2904 0.0042 0.5065 99.70 5 J 0.507 1.828 1 2 21.4543 0.0030 0.5065 99.70 6 J 0.509 2.517 1 3 29.9856 0.0043 0.5066 99.72 1 H 0.513 3.897 1 4 218.5904 0.0438 0.5074 99.89 2 H 0.51 2.862 1 3 151.5959 0.0002 0.5079 99.97 3 H 0.505 1.138 1 1 122.4605 0.0002 0.5080 100.00 Urea tersalut parafin 20 Waktu Abs [U] mgL P [U] X P V mL W urea g W kum kum 0.508 2.897 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 30 1.52 351.862 30 10556 18.3148 0.1933 0.1933 41.15 1 J 1.85 465.655 15 6985 21.6202 0.1510 0.3443 73.30 2 J 1.063 194.276 15 2914 25.2782 0.0737 0.4180 88.98 3 J 0.706 71.172 15 1068 25.8717 0.0276 0.4456 94.85 4 J 1.614 384.276 1 384 22.2650 0.0086 0.4542 96.68 5 J 1.089 203.241 1 203 22.0696 0.0045 0.4587 97.63 6 J 0.835 115.655 1 116 19.0573 0.0022 0.4609 98.10 1 H 0.596 33.241 1 33 185.3536 0.0062 0.4670 99.41 2 H 0.542 14.621 1 15 102.9255 0.0015 0.4685 99.73 3 H 0.549 17.034 1 17 74.1804 0.0013 0.4698 100.00 Urea tersalut poliakrilamida-MBA dan parafin 20 Waktu Abs [U] mgL P [U] X P V mL W urea g W kum kum 0.542 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 30 1.568 354.655 30 10640 35.1524 0.3740 0.3740 87.92 1 J 0.862 111.207 15 1668 28.5973 0.0477 0.4217 99.13 2 J 0.754 73.966 1 74 47.2962 0.0035 0.4252 99.96 3 J 0.536 -1.207 = 0 1 45.2162 0.0000 0.4252 99.96 4 J 0.522 -6.034 = 0 1 41.3390 0.0000 0.4252 99.96 5 J 0.522 -6.034 = 0 1 39.8996 0.0000 0.4252 99.96 6 J 0.522 -6.034 = 0 1 39.8100 0.0000 0.4252 99.96 1 H 0.525 -5.000 = 0 1 208.4218 0.0000 0.4252 99.96 2 H 0.538 -0.517 = 0 1 104.6250 0.0000 0.4252 99.96 3 H 0.546 2.241 1 2 83.3767 0.0002 0.4254 100.00 Urea tersalut poliakrilat-MBA dan parafin 20 Waktu Abs [U] mgL P [U] X P V mL W urea g W kum kum 0.542 1.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 30 0.787 85.345 30 2560 35.7472 0.0915 0.0915 22.14 1 J 0.878 116.724 30 3502 28.1930 0.0987 0.1902 46.02 2 J 0.753 73.621 30 2209 46.0415 0.1017 0.2919 70.62 3 J 0.795 88.103 15 1322 38.5807 0.0510 0.3429 82.95 4 J 0.614 25.690 30 771 34.7926 0.0268 0.3697 89.44 5 J 1.054 177.414 3 532 28.3209 0.0151 0.3848 93.09 6 J 1.632 376.724 1 377 26.4644 0.0100 0.3948 95.50 1 H 0.827 99.138 1 99 186.9000 0.0185 0.4133 99.98 2 H 0.541 0.517 1 1 152.3344 0.0001 0.4134 100.00 3 H 0.534 blk = 0 1 328.6541 0.0000 0.4134 100.00 Keterangan: ‘ = menit, P = pengenceran, J = jam, V = volume, H = hari, W = berat Abs = Absorbansi Standar urea std-1 untuk pengukuran urea tanpa penyalut, std-2 untuk urea tersalut parafin 20, std-3 untuk urea tersalut poliakrilamida-MBA parafin 20 dan urea tersalut poliakrilat-MBA parafin 20. Contoh perhitungan Pada urea tersalut PAA-MBA dan parafin menit ke-30: Absorbans terkoreksi = absorbans – absorbans blangko Absorban terkoreksi = 0.787 – 0.542 = 0.245 Persamaan linear sesuai dengan Std-3, yaitu y = 0.0029x - 0.0025 Jika y = absorbans maka x = g kumulatif = W kumulatifW kumulatif terakhir hari ke-3 = 22.14 31 Lampiran 4 Pencocokan kurva rilis urea tanpa penyalut S = 5.12952931 r = 0.99955257 Waktu menit K o n s e n tr a s i U re a p p m 0.0 40.0

80.0 120.0

160.0 200.0 240.0 0.0 80 .00 16 0.0 24 0.0 32 0.0 40 0.0 48 0.0 Residuals X Axis units Y A x is u n it s

0.0 66.0

132.0 198.0 264.0 -10 .03 -5. 01 0.0

5.0 1

10 .03 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Coefficient Data: a = 4.86E+02 b = 4.82E-01 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Chi Square History: It 0: 580056 It 1: 549437 It 2: 34846.7 It 3: 3248.04 It 4: 361.798 It 5: 187.271 It 6: 184.194 It 7: 184.185 It 8: 184.184 Parameter Histories: Parameter History: a It 0: 4.95E+02 It 1: 2.98E+02 It 2: 4.61E+02 It 3: 4.83E+02 It 4: 4.86E+02 It 5: 4.86E+02 It 6: 4.86E+02 It 7: 4.86E+02 It 8: 4.86E+02 Parameter History: b It 0: 1.67E-02 It 1: 5.99E-02 It 2: 1.99E-01 It 3: 3.30E-01 It 4: 4.30E-01 It 5: 4.74E-01 It 6: 4.81E-01 It 7: 4.82E-01 It 8: 4.82E-01 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Covariance Matrix: 0.151249 -0.00074 -0.00074 2.39E-05 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Residual Table: 1 5 1.469912 10 -7.38213 15 -5.80469 30 -0.9976 60 4.486016 120 0.937628 180 -0.99786 240 8.356983 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Standard Error: 5.1295293 Correlation Coefficient: 0.9995526 Lampiran 5 Pencocokan kurva rilis urea tersalut parafin S = 14.52332512 r = 0.99615511 Waktu menit K o n s e n tr a s i U re a p p m 0.0 40.0

80.0 120.0

160.0 200.0 240.0 0.0 80 .00 16 0.0 24 0.0 32 0.0 40 0.0 48 0.0 Residuals X Axis units Y A x is u n it s

0.0 66.0

132.0 198.0 264.0 -28 .12 -14 .06 0.0 14 .06 28 .12 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Coefficient Data: a = 4.22E+02 b = 5.65E-02 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Chi Square History: It 0: 85205.1 It 1: 40723 It 2: 1585.2 It 3: 1477.37 It 4: 1476.5 It 5: 1476.49 It 6: 1476.49 It 7: 1476.49 Parameter Histories: Parameter History: a It 0: 4.35E+02 It 1: 3.63E+02 It 2: 4.22E+02 It 3: 4.23E+02 It 4: 4.22E+02 It 5: 4.22E+02 It 6: 4.22E+02 It 7: 4.22E+02 Parameter History: b It 0: 1.67E-02 It 1: 3.82E-02 It 2: 5.44E-02 It 3: 5.63E-02 It 4: 5.65E-02 It 5: 5.65E-02 It 6: 5.65E-02 It 7: 5.65E-02 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Covariance Matrix: 0.274123 -7.25E-05 -7.25E-05 6.50E-08 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Residual Table: 2.896552 5 23.43479 10 -3.54629 15 8.759676 30 -15.6897 60 -18.9788 120 1.75446 180 7.153266 240 12.99973 Exponential Association: y=a1-exp-bx Standard Error: 14.5233251 Correlation Coefficient: 0.9961551 33 Lampiran 6 Pencocokan kurva rilis urea tersalut PAM-MBA dan parafin S = 10.76042146 r = 0.99742693