Function of To Infinitive Verb Frequently of To Infinitive

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10. The Definition, Forms, Functions and Verb Frequently of Infinitive

without To a. Definition of Infinitive without to Bare Infinitive Infinitive without to is verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb and functioning as verbs of causing, verbs of sense, nouns, and object pronouns are used with the simple verb only, without to. 28

b. Forms of Infinitive without to Bare Infinitive

c. Function of Infinitive without To

1 Infinitive without to As verbs of causing, verbs of sense, nouns, and object pronouns are used with the simple verb only, without to. 29 The infinitive without the marker to bare-infinitive is used after the auxiliaries shall, should, will, would, may, might, do, did, can, could, must, need and dare. I shall invite them. We must go now. He can speak English. You need not go. He dare not refuse. Notes When dare and need are used as principal verbs, they are followed by the to-infinitive. a Did he dare to do that? b We will need two weeks to complete the work. 2 The infinitive is used without to after some principal verbs like bid, watch, see, let, make, help and hear. a I bade him come. NOT I bade him to come. b Let him go. NOT Let him to go. c We heard her sing. NOT We heard her to sing. 28 George E. Wishon and Julia M. Burks, Let’s Write English, Revised Edition, London, Longman Group UK Limited, 1992, p. 275 29 Ibid. 28 d I watched them play. NOT I watched them to play. 3 After rather, better and had better The infinitive is used without to after rather, better and had better. a You had rather visit him. b I would rather wait. c You had better consult a doctor. 4 After some prepositions like except, but, save and than a She can do everything but cook. b She did nothing except cry. 30

d. Verb Frequently of Infinitive without To after auxiliariesmodals

Can He can run very fast. Could As a boy he could run very fast. May I may fly to Africa this summer. Might I might fly to Africa this summer. Must I must go now. mustnt You mustnt smoke here. neednt You neednt go. Shall We shall sing a song. Should We should sing a song. Will She will cook a meal for his birthday. Would She would cook a meal for his birthday. After to do Do I dont know. After the following expressions: had better You had better clean up your room. would rather Susan would rather study for her exam tomorrow. would sooner I would sooner read a book than watch this film. why not Why not ask your neighbour for help? 30 http:www.englishgrammar.orgbare-infinitive 29 why should we Why should we go by car? why should we not Why should we not go by car? After verbs of perception + object action has finished: Feel She feels the rain fall on her face. Hear I heard Peter sing a song. Notice Mandy noticed the boy climb the tree. See They saw him climb up the roof. Watch He watched the thieves steal a car. After let + object: Let Sandy let her child go out alone. Mother let her daughter decide on her own. lets Lets go for a walk through the park. After make + object: Make She made Peggy and Samantha clean the room. 31

11. The Errors on the Use of Gerund, To Infinitive, and Infinitive without

To Same as in the chapte r one, the writer find the students’ errors when they learn grammar especially, gerund, to infinitive, and infinitive without to. They do the errors because they have different language and also they couldn’t distinguish between usage of gerund, to infinitive, and infinitive without to in making a sentence. This is supported by Betty Schrampfer Azar statement who said that some verbs can be followed by either gerunds, to infinitives, or infinitives without to, sometimes with no difference in meaning and sometimes with a difference meaning. It is may be that become the errors for the students mastery on the use gerund, to infinitive, and infinitive without to. 32 31 http:www.englisch-hilfen.deengrammarinfinitive_without_to.htm 32 Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar. New York: Longman, 1999, p. 157. 30

B. The Relevant Studies

For this skripsi the writer put the relevant study that related to the title “Error Analysis on the Use of Gerund, To Infinitive and Infinitive without To at the Second Grade of SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Ciputat, Tangsel”, and the relevant research that used by the writer is “Skripsi” from Mansur with the title “Error Analysis on Student’s Grammar Mastery at SMP Muhammadiyah 17”, Fitri Indriyani with the title “Error Analysis on English Tenses Found in the Students’ Writing at SMA Dharma Karya UT”, Leti Lisdianty with the title “ Analysis on Students’ Difficulties in Distinguish Gerund and Present Participle at SMA PGRI 56 Ciputat” and Ade Laili Akhiliyyah with the title “Analysis on The Difficulties Faced by The Students in Learning Gerund at the First Grade of MTs Darul Amal Bekasi”, Insanul Kamelia with the title “An Analysis on The Students’ Errors in Distinguishing Gerund and Present Participle at the Second Grade Students of SMA Muhammadiyah Cipondoh” and Muhammad Cho tib Firdaus with the title “An Error Analysis of Students Ability in Using Gerund at Second Grade of SMK Taman Ilmu Depok”. From his research, Mansur can be describe that the errors in overgeneralization area are the most frequent errors in which the students committed 115 errors or 62 , it is followed by errors in omission there are 19 errors or 10.21 , in addition there are 34 errors or 18.1 and in over generalization there are 18 errors or 9.7 . Therefore there are no errors in double marking and misordering or 0 . From her research , Fitri Indriyani showed that the highest frequency of errors in present perfect tense. The average of error percentage is 60.55 of students made error in this type of tenses. Most students made error in these items because they did not understand the function of has and have. They can not distinguish the use of has and have in the sentence. 37 students made error 68.51 and beside that 40 students made error 74.07 in using verb past participle. Then, the second level is 33 students made error 61.11 in using was and were and distinguish it in the sentence of simple past tense, and 27 made error 50 in using verb past correctly.