berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari
Membaca 5. Memahami makna teks
fungsional pendek dan teks tulis esai berbentuk
narrative , explanation,
dan discussion dalam konteks kehidupan
sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu
pengetahuan
Menulis 6. Mengungkapkan makna
dalam teks tulis monolog yang berbentuk
narrative , explanation,
dan discussion secara akurat, lancar, dan
berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari
berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari
5.2 Merespons makna dan langkah retorika dalam
esai yang menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis secara
akurat, lancar, dan berterima dalam konteks
kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu
pengetahuan dalam teks berbentuk narrative,
explanation
, dan discussion
6.2 Mengungkapkan makna dan langkah retorika
dalam teks monolog dengan menggunakan
ragam bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar, dan
berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari
dalam teks berbentuk narrative
, explanation, dan discussion
• Teks tulis berbentuk
narrative. • Teks tulis
berbentuk explanation.
• Teks tulis berbentuk
discussion
D. Teaching Gerund Teaching is only a part of education widely
16
. Because education is a guidance of individual growth wholly, individual growth with all variety
aspects, such as creation aspect, appetite aspect, etc. Ki Hadjar Dewantara said that teaching is not only certainly education by transferring knowledge but
also giving skills to the children so that it can be useful for children’s life physically and spiritually. Edward Anthony identified the conceptualization
and organization of teaching method into three levels: approach, method, and
5
Drs. Suwarno, ‘Pengantar Umum Pendidikan’, 4
th
Edition, PT. Rineka Cipta, Jakarta : 1992. Continue to the next page
technique
17
. However, Richards said that the organization of teaching is method containing approach, design, and procedure
18
. Teaching gerund process occurs at PRIMAGAMA Pisangan-Ciputat for
the students at twelfth grade in the first semester. It was taught to give such a paradigm for the students that grammar not only talks about tenses but also
gerund. Before we discuss about gerund itself, firstly we have to know what the verbal is. Why? Gerund itself includes the kinds of verbal such as; gerund,
participle, and infinitive
19
. In this chapter, the writer just discusses about gerund and a few commentaries about participle.
Verbals are formed from verbs and they may be modified by adverbs and may have complements
20
. Example: • All candidates are carefully vetted for security reasons adverb.
• He became a politician of Republic Party at United States complement
21
. Verbal is a word formed from a verb that functions in a sentence as
another part of sentences
22
. Example : • Muffled noises awoke me modifies the noun noises,
• Sleeping was impossible subject of the sentence • I went to look you modifies the verb went
Verbals are those forms that occupy verb position also each item in a group of auxiliary verb + main verb
23
. Example: • You should do what your parents tell you present time
• You should have done what your parents told you Past time
6
C, Richards. Jack and Theodore S. Rodgers, ‘Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching’,
Cambridge University Press. P.15.
7
C, Richards. Jack and Theodore S. Rodgers, ‘Approaches and Methods….,p.15.
19
John E. Warriner, English Grammar and Composition, 3
rd
Franklin Edition, Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, Course publisher, 1982. p.40
9
John E. Warriner, English Grammar ....,p.40
10
AS Hornby, OXFORD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 6
th
Edition, p. 228
11
Marjorie Farmer, Saymour Yesner, Steven Zemelman, Elizabeth M. Richmand, Composition and Grammar 11 Steps in the Writing Process
, Laid law Brothers, publishers, 1985.
12
Norman C. Stageberg, An Introducing English Grammar, 3
rd
Edition , printed in USA 1977,
p.221
From all definitions above, the writer gives a summary of verbals are formed from either auxiliary verb + main verb or verb are modified by adverbs
or complements.
Gerund itself is the other word of verb-ing. Other says, the-ing form of a
verb e.g., talking, playing understanding
24
. On the site, english.plus.com is said: Gerund is a verb ending in-ing and used as noun
25
. Sports are often referred to in gerund form, example: I like playing baseball. In the first
example: playing baseball is the gerund the gerund playing is direct object baseball. A gerund phrase is a noun phrase made up of a gerund phrase plus
any complements of the gerund plus any modifiers of either the complement or the gerund
26
. In linguistics, a gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exist in some
languages. It is assured by an opinion from Gorrel and Charlton Laird that gerund is verbal when it’s used as a verbal noun
27
. John E. Warriner added that gerund is a verb form ending in-ing that’s used as a noun
28
. Marcella Frank also added that gerunds are participial forms used in noun function
29
. In today’s English, gerund can behave as a verb within a clause so that, for
example, it may be modified by an adverb or have an object, but the clause as a whole sometimes consisting only of one word, the gerund acts as a noun
within the longer sentence; example: ‘Editing this article is very easy”. Within the clause ‘Editing this article’ the word ‘Editing’ behaves as a verb; in
particular the phrase ‘this article’ is the object of that verb. But the whole clause ‘Editing this article’ acts as a noun within the sentence as a whole; it is
the subject of the verb ‘is’
30
. John E. Warriner also assured that gerund could
13
Betty Schrampfer Azzar, ‘Understanding and Using English Grammar’, 2
nd
Edition, p.150
14
http:englishplus.comgrammar00000335.htm
15
http:englishplus.....
16
Gorrel and Charlton Laird, Modern English Handbook, 3
rd
Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc. 1964,
p.102.
17
John E. Warriner, English Grammar …., p.42
18
Marcella frank, Modern English Exercises for Non-Native Speaker part 2, Prentice Hall, Inc. 1972, p.97
19
http:en.wikipedia.orgwikigerund.com
be a part of verb and a part of noun
31
. It’s formed by adding-ing to the plain of the verb. Like verb, gerunds may also be modified by adverbs and adverb
phrases as follows: Example: Basking quietly in the sun my favorite summer pastime.
The gerund basking used as subject of the sentence, is modified by the adverb quietly and also by the adverbial phrase in the sun, which tell where.
Like nouns, gerunds may be modified by adjective and adjective phrase as follows:
Example: We listened to the beautiful singing of the glee club. The adjective beautiful and the adjective phrase of the glee club modify
the gerund singing. Singing is used as the object of the preposition to. After we know what the gerund is, now, the writer wants to give a few
commentaries about participle. It is done because the writer anticipates occurring any misunderstanding the comprehension not only gerund but also
participle. Their forms are same that is verb-ing but they are different syntactically.
Participle, according to John E. Warriner is a verb form used as an adjective
32
. The participle is part verb and part adjective. It might be called ‘a verbal adjective’. Example:
a. Leaping the fence, the great cat surprised me. Present participle b. Defeated teams should congratulate the winners. Past participle
c. Moving quickly, I intercepted the pass. Present participle Note: Leaping is part verb because it carries the action of verb leap. It’s
also part adjective because it modifies the noun cat – leaping cat. Defeated
, formed from the verb defeat, modifies the noun teams. Moving
, formed from the verb move, modifies the pronoun I. Verb forms used as adjective leaping, defeated, and moving are
participles. There are two kinds of participle:
20
John E. Warriner, English Grammar ….p.42
21
John E. Warriner, English Grammar ….,p.42
1 Present participle: consists of the plain form of the verb plus-ing. Example: - The crying baby hid under the table.
- Pointing at me, the teacher asked a question. 2 Past participle: usually consists of the plain form of the verb plus-d or
– ed. Others are irregularly formed. Example: A peeled and sliced cucumber can be added to a garden salad.
The past participle peeled and sliced modify the noun cucumber.
- We will prosecute anyone caught trespassing on this property. The past participle caught modifies the noun anyone
That’s all a few about participle definition, kinds. But, we have to know the differences between gerund and participle. Gorrel and Charlton Lair said:
• Gerund is verbal when it is used as a verbal noun. Example: Walking is good exercise as subject.
• Participle is verbal when it is used as a verbal modifier
33
Example: Leaping the fence, the great cat surprised me leaping modifies the noun cat – leaping cat
Shortly, the differences between gerund and participle present participle are: gerund sentence is followed by verbal construction, but participle
sentence is followed by clause. For adding information about gerund, it seems to be imperative if we know
the classification of gerund morpheme whether inflectional morpheme or derivational morpheme.
Basically, morphemes are the smallest significant units of grammar
34
. Morpheme fulfills two main functions in English. They are:
1 Derivational morpheme is a change the class of the word to which they are attached
35
. Muh. Farkhan said that derivational morphemes are any affixes
22
Gorrel and Charlthon Laird, Modern English…., p.102.
23
A.M. Zaenuri, Linguistics Revised Edition, 2003, p.30
24
DR. M. Farkhan, M.Pd., An Introduction to Linguistic, UIN Jakarta Press 2006, p.56
that are used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem. Affixation involves both prefixation and suffixation:
un + speak + able unspeakable Commonly occurring prefixes are be-, de-, en-, hyper-, pre-, pro-, re-,
sub-, super-, and trans-. Prefixes alter meaning but do not always change the function of the word to which they are prefixed. The table 2.2 below presents
the derivational morphemes; Table 2.2
Derivational Morphemes Prefix
Free morpheme Class Result Class
Be- De-
En- Ex-
Hyper- Witch N
Limit V Rich adj
Terminate V Market N
Bewitch V Delimit V
Enrich V Exterminate V
Hypermarket N
Source: Linguistics Revised Edition-Morpheme-Table of prefixation
Commonly occurring suffixes always change the class of the word to which they are attached: beauty N + full Adj. Derivational suffixes have
the characteristics
36
: a The words with which derivational suffixes is an arbitrary matter.
To make a noun from the verb adorn we must add –ment; adornment – whereas the verb fail combines only with – ure to
make a noun; failure. b In many cases, but not all, a derivational suffixes change the part of
the word to which it is added. Words ending in the morphemes tend to be nouns as table 2.4 below:
Table 2.3 Derivational suffixes tends to be nouns
25
Norman C. Stageberg, An Introducing English ….,p.105
Suffix Free morpheme
Result a. …age
b. …an, …ian c. …ance, …ence
d. …dom e. …ery
f. …er g. …hood
h. …ics i. …ist
j. …ion, tion k. …logy
l. …ment m. …ness
n. …or o. …ory
p. …ship Break, sabot
Library, mathematic Assist, confide
King, free Bake, fish
Teach, run Child, brother
Economy, athlete Guitar, drama
Inform, relate Bio, socio
Develop, govern Silly, happy
Govern, operate Labor, observe
Friend, hard Breakage, sabotage
Librarian, mathematician Assistance, confidence
Kingdom, freedom Bakery, fishery
Teacher, runner Childhood, brotherhood
Economics, athletics Guitarist, dramatist
Information, relation Biology, sociology
Development, government Silliness, happiness
Governor, operator Laboratory, observatory
Friendship, hardship
Source: SSC – Diklat 3 SMU IPS and Alumni, p.46
Words ending in the morphemes tend to be adjectives as table 2.4 below:
Table 2.4 Derivational suffixes tend to be adjectives
Suffix Free morpheme
Result a. …able, …ible
b. …al c. …ant, ent
d. …ful e. …ic
f. …ish g. …ive
Fashion, response Magic, survive
Signify, differ Peace, hand
Poet, romance Child, girl
Act, construct Fashionable, responsible
Magical, survival Significant, different
Peaceful, handful Poetic, romantic
Childish, girlish Active, constructive
Continue to the next page
h. …less i. …like
j. …ly k. …ous
l. …y Hope, tree
Child, god Week year
Poison, danger Dust, bush
Hopeless, treeless Childlike, godlike
Weekly, yearly Poisonous, dangerous
Dusty, bushy
Source: SSC – Diklat 3 SMU IPS and Alumni, p.46
Words ending in the morphemes tend to be verbs as table 2.5 below: Table 2.5
Derivational suffixes tend to be verbs Suffix
Free morpheme Result
a. …ate b. …en
c. …fy, …ify d. …ize
Stimulant, gyration Dark, wide
Beauty, terrific Computer, drama
Stimulate, gyrate Darken, widen
Beautify, terrify Computerize
Source: SSC – Diklat 3 SMU IPS and Alumni, p.46
Words ending in the morphemes tend to be adverbs as table 2.6 below: Table 2.6
Derivational suffixes tend to be adverbs Suffix
Free morpheme Result
a. …ly b. …ward
c. …wise Beauty, happy
Back, east Cross, clock
Beautifully, happily Backward, eastward
Crosswise, clockwise
Source: SSC – Diklat 3 SMU IPS and Alumni, p.46
2 Inflectional morpheme never involves a change of class. Muh. Farkhan said that inflectional morphemes are any affixes that are used to
produce new words in a language, but do not change the class of the word
37
. The inflectional suffixes have the characteristic:
a They do not change the part of speech. Example: sled, sleds both Noun
cough, coughed both Verb cold, colder both Adjective
b They come last in a word Example: shortened, villainies, industrializing
c They go with all stems of a given part of speech Example: He eats, drinks, dreams, entertains, motivates
d They do not pile up; only one ends a word Example: flakes, working, higher, written
Inflectional affixes can be schematized as table 2.7 below: Table 2.7
Inflectional affixes No
Suffix Example
Name 1.
2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8. -S pl
-S ps -S 3
rd
-ing vb -D pt
-D pp -ER cp
-EST sp Dogs, oxen
Boy’s Vacates
Discussing Chewed, rode
Chewed, chosen, swum Bolder
Boldest Noun plural
Noun possessive Present 3
rd
person singular Present participle
Past tense Past participle
Comparative degree Superlative degree
Source: An Introducing English Grammar, p.103
After we look at the comparison between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme, the writer took a summary about what morpheme
in the gerund included. According to the explanation above, the gerund
26
DR. M. Farkhan, M.Pd., An Introducing to ….,p.56
includes in inflectional morpheme. If we see from the table of derivational morpheme, we can not find the information of gerund, otherwise, if we see
the table of inflectional morpheme, we can find one explanation at number 4 that is present participle. We have known that gerund and participle are
of the same verb-ing but they differ and only appear on syntactical case. Teaching also may be defined as “showing or helping someone to learn
how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand”
Kimble and Garmezy 1963:133. According to Nathan Gate 1964:269, teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the leaner to learn,
setting the conditions for learning. From all definitions above, the writer gives a summary that teaching
gerund is ‘a guiding and facilitating, enabling the learner to learn, and setting the condition for learning gerund.’
E. The Function of Gerund