Teaching Gerund Teaching is only a part of education widely

berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari Membaca 5. Memahami makna teks fungsional pendek dan teks tulis esai berbentuk narrative , explanation, dan discussion dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan Menulis 6. Mengungkapkan makna dalam teks tulis monolog yang berbentuk narrative , explanation, dan discussion secara akurat, lancar, dan berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari 5.2 Merespons makna dan langkah retorika dalam esai yang menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar, dan berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan dalam teks berbentuk narrative, explanation , dan discussion 6.2 Mengungkapkan makna dan langkah retorika dalam teks monolog dengan menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar, dan berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dalam teks berbentuk narrative , explanation, dan discussion • Teks tulis berbentuk narrative. • Teks tulis berbentuk explanation. • Teks tulis berbentuk discussion

D. Teaching Gerund Teaching is only a part of education widely

16 . Because education is a guidance of individual growth wholly, individual growth with all variety aspects, such as creation aspect, appetite aspect, etc. Ki Hadjar Dewantara said that teaching is not only certainly education by transferring knowledge but also giving skills to the children so that it can be useful for children’s life physically and spiritually. Edward Anthony identified the conceptualization and organization of teaching method into three levels: approach, method, and 5 Drs. Suwarno, ‘Pengantar Umum Pendidikan’, 4 th Edition, PT. Rineka Cipta, Jakarta : 1992. Continue to the next page technique 17 . However, Richards said that the organization of teaching is method containing approach, design, and procedure 18 . Teaching gerund process occurs at PRIMAGAMA Pisangan-Ciputat for the students at twelfth grade in the first semester. It was taught to give such a paradigm for the students that grammar not only talks about tenses but also gerund. Before we discuss about gerund itself, firstly we have to know what the verbal is. Why? Gerund itself includes the kinds of verbal such as; gerund, participle, and infinitive 19 . In this chapter, the writer just discusses about gerund and a few commentaries about participle. Verbals are formed from verbs and they may be modified by adverbs and may have complements 20 . Example: • All candidates are carefully vetted for security reasons adverb. • He became a politician of Republic Party at United States complement 21 . Verbal is a word formed from a verb that functions in a sentence as another part of sentences 22 . Example : • Muffled noises awoke me modifies the noun noises, • Sleeping was impossible subject of the sentence • I went to look you modifies the verb went Verbals are those forms that occupy verb position also each item in a group of auxiliary verb + main verb 23 . Example: • You should do what your parents tell you present time • You should have done what your parents told you Past time 6 C, Richards. Jack and Theodore S. Rodgers, ‘Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching’, Cambridge University Press. P.15. 7 C, Richards. Jack and Theodore S. Rodgers, ‘Approaches and Methods….,p.15. 19 John E. Warriner, English Grammar and Composition, 3 rd Franklin Edition, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Course publisher, 1982. p.40 9 John E. Warriner, English Grammar ....,p.40 10 AS Hornby, OXFORD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 6 th Edition, p. 228 11 Marjorie Farmer, Saymour Yesner, Steven Zemelman, Elizabeth M. Richmand, Composition and Grammar 11 Steps in the Writing Process , Laid law Brothers, publishers, 1985. 12 Norman C. Stageberg, An Introducing English Grammar, 3 rd Edition , printed in USA 1977, p.221 From all definitions above, the writer gives a summary of verbals are formed from either auxiliary verb + main verb or verb are modified by adverbs or complements. Gerund itself is the other word of verb-ing. Other says, the-ing form of a verb e.g., talking, playing understanding 24 . On the site, english.plus.com is said: Gerund is a verb ending in-ing and used as noun 25 . Sports are often referred to in gerund form, example: I like playing baseball. In the first example: playing baseball is the gerund the gerund playing is direct object baseball. A gerund phrase is a noun phrase made up of a gerund phrase plus any complements of the gerund plus any modifiers of either the complement or the gerund 26 . In linguistics, a gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exist in some languages. It is assured by an opinion from Gorrel and Charlton Laird that gerund is verbal when it’s used as a verbal noun 27 . John E. Warriner added that gerund is a verb form ending in-ing that’s used as a noun 28 . Marcella Frank also added that gerunds are participial forms used in noun function 29 . In today’s English, gerund can behave as a verb within a clause so that, for example, it may be modified by an adverb or have an object, but the clause as a whole sometimes consisting only of one word, the gerund acts as a noun within the longer sentence; example: ‘Editing this article is very easy”. Within the clause ‘Editing this article’ the word ‘Editing’ behaves as a verb; in particular the phrase ‘this article’ is the object of that verb. But the whole clause ‘Editing this article’ acts as a noun within the sentence as a whole; it is the subject of the verb ‘is’ 30 . John E. Warriner also assured that gerund could 13 Betty Schrampfer Azzar, ‘Understanding and Using English Grammar’, 2 nd Edition, p.150 14 http:englishplus.comgrammar00000335.htm 15 http:englishplus..... 16 Gorrel and Charlton Laird, Modern English Handbook, 3 rd Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc. 1964, p.102. 17 John E. Warriner, English Grammar …., p.42 18 Marcella frank, Modern English Exercises for Non-Native Speaker part 2, Prentice Hall, Inc. 1972, p.97 19 http:en.wikipedia.orgwikigerund.com be a part of verb and a part of noun 31 . It’s formed by adding-ing to the plain of the verb. Like verb, gerunds may also be modified by adverbs and adverb phrases as follows: Example: Basking quietly in the sun my favorite summer pastime. The gerund basking used as subject of the sentence, is modified by the adverb quietly and also by the adverbial phrase in the sun, which tell where. Like nouns, gerunds may be modified by adjective and adjective phrase as follows: Example: We listened to the beautiful singing of the glee club. The adjective beautiful and the adjective phrase of the glee club modify the gerund singing. Singing is used as the object of the preposition to. After we know what the gerund is, now, the writer wants to give a few commentaries about participle. It is done because the writer anticipates occurring any misunderstanding the comprehension not only gerund but also participle. Their forms are same that is verb-ing but they are different syntactically. Participle, according to John E. Warriner is a verb form used as an adjective 32 . The participle is part verb and part adjective. It might be called ‘a verbal adjective’. Example: a. Leaping the fence, the great cat surprised me. Present participle b. Defeated teams should congratulate the winners. Past participle c. Moving quickly, I intercepted the pass. Present participle Note: Leaping is part verb because it carries the action of verb leap. It’s also part adjective because it modifies the noun cat – leaping cat. Defeated , formed from the verb defeat, modifies the noun teams. Moving , formed from the verb move, modifies the pronoun I. Verb forms used as adjective leaping, defeated, and moving are participles. There are two kinds of participle: 20 John E. Warriner, English Grammar ….p.42 21 John E. Warriner, English Grammar ….,p.42 1 Present participle: consists of the plain form of the verb plus-ing. Example: - The crying baby hid under the table. - Pointing at me, the teacher asked a question. 2 Past participle: usually consists of the plain form of the verb plus-d or – ed. Others are irregularly formed. Example: A peeled and sliced cucumber can be added to a garden salad. The past participle peeled and sliced modify the noun cucumber. - We will prosecute anyone caught trespassing on this property. The past participle caught modifies the noun anyone That’s all a few about participle definition, kinds. But, we have to know the differences between gerund and participle. Gorrel and Charlton Lair said: • Gerund is verbal when it is used as a verbal noun. Example: Walking is good exercise as subject. • Participle is verbal when it is used as a verbal modifier 33 Example: Leaping the fence, the great cat surprised me leaping modifies the noun cat – leaping cat Shortly, the differences between gerund and participle present participle are: gerund sentence is followed by verbal construction, but participle sentence is followed by clause. For adding information about gerund, it seems to be imperative if we know the classification of gerund morpheme whether inflectional morpheme or derivational morpheme. Basically, morphemes are the smallest significant units of grammar 34 . Morpheme fulfills two main functions in English. They are: 1 Derivational morpheme is a change the class of the word to which they are attached 35 . Muh. Farkhan said that derivational morphemes are any affixes 22 Gorrel and Charlthon Laird, Modern English…., p.102. 23 A.M. Zaenuri, Linguistics Revised Edition, 2003, p.30 24 DR. M. Farkhan, M.Pd., An Introduction to Linguistic, UIN Jakarta Press 2006, p.56 that are used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem. Affixation involves both prefixation and suffixation: un + speak + able unspeakable Commonly occurring prefixes are be-, de-, en-, hyper-, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, and trans-. Prefixes alter meaning but do not always change the function of the word to which they are prefixed. The table 2.2 below presents the derivational morphemes; Table 2.2 Derivational Morphemes Prefix Free morpheme Class Result Class Be- De- En- Ex- Hyper- Witch N Limit V Rich adj Terminate V Market N Bewitch V Delimit V Enrich V Exterminate V Hypermarket N Source: Linguistics Revised Edition-Morpheme-Table of prefixation Commonly occurring suffixes always change the class of the word to which they are attached: beauty N + full Adj. Derivational suffixes have the characteristics 36 : a The words with which derivational suffixes is an arbitrary matter. To make a noun from the verb adorn we must add –ment; adornment – whereas the verb fail combines only with – ure to make a noun; failure. b In many cases, but not all, a derivational suffixes change the part of the word to which it is added. Words ending in the morphemes tend to be nouns as table 2.4 below: Table 2.3 Derivational suffixes tends to be nouns 25 Norman C. Stageberg, An Introducing English ….,p.105 Suffix Free morpheme Result a. …age b. …an, …ian c. …ance, …ence d. …dom e. …ery f. …er g. …hood h. …ics i. …ist j. …ion, tion k. …logy l. …ment m. …ness n. …or o. …ory p. …ship Break, sabot Library, mathematic Assist, confide King, free Bake, fish Teach, run Child, brother Economy, athlete Guitar, drama Inform, relate Bio, socio Develop, govern Silly, happy Govern, operate Labor, observe Friend, hard Breakage, sabotage Librarian, mathematician Assistance, confidence Kingdom, freedom Bakery, fishery Teacher, runner Childhood, brotherhood Economics, athletics Guitarist, dramatist Information, relation Biology, sociology Development, government Silliness, happiness Governor, operator Laboratory, observatory Friendship, hardship Source: SSC – Diklat 3 SMU IPS and Alumni, p.46 Words ending in the morphemes tend to be adjectives as table 2.4 below: Table 2.4 Derivational suffixes tend to be adjectives Suffix Free morpheme Result a. …able, …ible b. …al c. …ant, ent d. …ful e. …ic f. …ish g. …ive Fashion, response Magic, survive Signify, differ Peace, hand Poet, romance Child, girl Act, construct Fashionable, responsible Magical, survival Significant, different Peaceful, handful Poetic, romantic Childish, girlish Active, constructive Continue to the next page h. …less i. …like j. …ly k. …ous l. …y Hope, tree Child, god Week year Poison, danger Dust, bush Hopeless, treeless Childlike, godlike Weekly, yearly Poisonous, dangerous Dusty, bushy Source: SSC – Diklat 3 SMU IPS and Alumni, p.46 Words ending in the morphemes tend to be verbs as table 2.5 below: Table 2.5 Derivational suffixes tend to be verbs Suffix Free morpheme Result a. …ate b. …en c. …fy, …ify d. …ize Stimulant, gyration Dark, wide Beauty, terrific Computer, drama Stimulate, gyrate Darken, widen Beautify, terrify Computerize Source: SSC – Diklat 3 SMU IPS and Alumni, p.46 Words ending in the morphemes tend to be adverbs as table 2.6 below: Table 2.6 Derivational suffixes tend to be adverbs Suffix Free morpheme Result a. …ly b. …ward c. …wise Beauty, happy Back, east Cross, clock Beautifully, happily Backward, eastward Crosswise, clockwise Source: SSC – Diklat 3 SMU IPS and Alumni, p.46 2 Inflectional morpheme never involves a change of class. Muh. Farkhan said that inflectional morphemes are any affixes that are used to produce new words in a language, but do not change the class of the word 37 . The inflectional suffixes have the characteristic: a They do not change the part of speech. Example: sled, sleds both Noun cough, coughed both Verb cold, colder both Adjective b They come last in a word Example: shortened, villainies, industrializing c They go with all stems of a given part of speech Example: He eats, drinks, dreams, entertains, motivates d They do not pile up; only one ends a word Example: flakes, working, higher, written Inflectional affixes can be schematized as table 2.7 below: Table 2.7 Inflectional affixes No Suffix Example Name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. -S pl -S ps -S 3 rd -ing vb -D pt -D pp -ER cp -EST sp Dogs, oxen Boy’s Vacates Discussing Chewed, rode Chewed, chosen, swum Bolder Boldest Noun plural Noun possessive Present 3 rd person singular Present participle Past tense Past participle Comparative degree Superlative degree Source: An Introducing English Grammar, p.103 After we look at the comparison between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme, the writer took a summary about what morpheme in the gerund included. According to the explanation above, the gerund 26 DR. M. Farkhan, M.Pd., An Introducing to ….,p.56 includes in inflectional morpheme. If we see from the table of derivational morpheme, we can not find the information of gerund, otherwise, if we see the table of inflectional morpheme, we can find one explanation at number 4 that is present participle. We have known that gerund and participle are of the same verb-ing but they differ and only appear on syntactical case. Teaching also may be defined as “showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand” Kimble and Garmezy 1963:133. According to Nathan Gate 1964:269, teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the leaner to learn, setting the conditions for learning. From all definitions above, the writer gives a summary that teaching gerund is ‘a guiding and facilitating, enabling the learner to learn, and setting the condition for learning gerund.’

E. The Function of Gerund