Lucia Molina and Hutardo Albir require the following strategies to encounter translation problems in META, 2002: 509:
1. Adaptation
Adaptation is replacing a ST cultural element with one from the target culture, e.g., to change
baseball
for
futbol
in a translation into Spanish.
2. Amplification
Amplification is introducing details that are not formulated in the ST: information, explicative paraphrasing. This strategy has similar vein with
Vinay and Dalbernet‘s in META, 2002:500 explicitation; to introduce information from the ST that is implicit from the context or the situation. e.g.,
when translating from Arabic to Spanish to add ‗the Muslim month of fasting to the noun
Ramadan
. It is in opposition to reduction.
3. Borrowing
Borrowing is taking a word or expression straight from another language. It can be pure without any change, e.g., to use the English word
lobby
in an Indonesian text, or it can be naturalized to fit the spelling rules in the TL,
e.g.,
gol, komputer , etc.
4. Calque
Calque is a literal translation of a foreign word or phrase, it can be lexical or structural, e.g., the English translation
softwar e
for the Indonesian
per angkat lunak.
5. Compensation
Compensation is to introduce a ST element of information or stylistic effect in other place in the TT because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the
ST. For example:
I wa s seeking thee, F lathead
is translated into France as
En
verite, c’est bi
en toi que je cher che, Q Tete-Plate.
6. Description
Description is to replace a term or expression with a description of its form or and function, e.g., to translate the Italian
panettone
as
tr aditional Italian cake
eaten on New Year’s Eve.
7. Discursive Creation
Discursive Creation is to establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context, e.g., the Spanish translation of the film
Rumble F ish
as
La ley de la calle.
8. Established Equivalent
Established Equivalent is to use a term or expression recognized by dictionaries or language in use as an equivalent in the TL, e.g., to translate the
English expression
They are as like as two peas
as
se parecen como dos goats de agua
in Spanish
9. Generalization
Generalization is to use a more general or neutral term, e.g., to translate the French
guichet, fenetr e
or
devanture
as
window
in English. It is in opposition to particularization.
10. Linguistic Amplification
Linguistic Amplification is to add linguistic elements. This is often used in consecutive interpreting and dubbing, e.g., to translate the English expression
No way
into Spanish as
De ninguna de las maner as
instead of using an expression with the same number of words,
En absolute
. It is in opposition to linguistic compression,
11. Linguistic Compression
Linguistic Compression is to synthesize linguistic elements in the TT. This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in sub-titling, e.g., to translate the
English question
Yes, so what?
with
Y?
in Spanish, instead of using a phrase with the same number of words,
Si, y que?
It is in opposition to linguistic amplification.
12. Literal Translation
