Kinds of Character THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

From all the explanations, flat character is a character that has one or two dimensional – characters or two dominant personalities, it is easy to be remembered and to be known. It is usually a static character. The director does not develop the flat character more for the goal of the story. There are some types of characters. One of them is round character. A round character is a greater achievement than a flat character; round characters change, grow, and possess a credible personality. According to Perrine and Thomas, “Round characters are complex and many sided; they might on essay for full analysis” . 19 This explanation means that round character is a figure who has many character traits. It also needs further analysis to know her or his character. Pickering and Hoeper state, “Round are just the opposite. They embody a number of qualities and traits and are complex multidimensional characters of considerable intellectual and emotional depth who have capacity to grow and change”. 20 In another word, round character according to his definition is the opposite of flat character. This type of character has many characters and complexities. It is not only about intelligence of the character, but also about the character’s emotion that can undergo change during the story. This character is able to make the reader or viewer pay attention to her or him. The definitions above inform that round character is a character that has multidimensional characters. This character is more complex because it has many side characters than flat character. It also needs more analysis to reveal its 19 Ibid. p. 67. 20 Pickering, James H., and Jeffry D. Hoeper 1962, op. cit. p. 26. character. The viewer who watches the movie will be more interested in this character. Pickering and Hoeper state, “Static characters leave the plot as they entered it, largely untouched by the events that have taken place. Although static character tend to be minor ones, because he author’s principle focus is elsewhere, this is not always the case”. 21 It’s recognized the static character is the character that experiences no changes from the beginning until the ending of the story. This character does not undergo change because of the incident that happens in the, who states the static character is “A term used to refer to a stereotypical simplified character who falls to grow or change in personality or behavior by the end of the work”. 22 It means static character is a figure in a story that has simple personality. This character tends not to change since the beginning till the ending. “In contrast, a static character does not undergo significant change. Whether round or flat, their personalities remain essentially stable throughout the course of the story. This is commonly done with secondary characters in order to let them serve as thematic or plot elements”. 23 It means that static character is a character that does not change because of the plot of the story. It does not matter round or flat as long as the character is same. It’s usually a supporting character. According to all definitions given previously by the experts, it can be understood that static character that remains the same at the ends as at the 21 Ibid. p. 27. 22 Barnet, Sylvian, et al., Literature For Composition Essay, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama New York: Longman Inc, 2003, p. 222. 23 . http:en.wikipedia.orgwikifictional_character. beginning. It’s untouched by the events that happen in a story. It usually belongs to supporting character. However, it is not always the supporting character. Therefore, it means that this character is also important to the story. Static character does not change throughout the work and the reader’s knowledge of that character does not grow. As it has mentioned at the previous statement, characters are divided into two types according to the change of the characters, one of them is dynamic character. According to Birkets state, “A dynamic character is one who undergoes some significant change during the course of the events related. He or she is generally rounded. However not every rounded character is dynamic character. The test is whether the character is fundamentally the same at the end of the story as at the beginning.” 24 From the mentioned definition, it can be recognized that dynamic character is character that change during the story because of the plot. It is usually a normal character, but not every round character is dynamic. The problem it the character stays same at the beginning as the ending. Perrine and Thomas state, “The developing or dynamic character undergoes a permanent change in some aspects of character, personality, or outlook. The change may be large or small one: it is more than a change in condition or minor change in opinion”. 25 In another word, dynamic character is character that change because of the plot. The change can be in personality, or appearance. The change can be significant, or not. Beker states, “A dynamic 24 Brikets, Sven P, Literature the Evolving Canon Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon a Division of Simon and Schuster, Inc, 1993, p. 23. 25 Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. Arp 1988, op. cit. p. 69. character, in contrast, is one that does undergo an important change in the course of the story”. 26 From the definition, it is known that dynamic character is character that undergoes. The changes can be in understanding, commitment, and outlook. Pickering and Hoeper 1962 – 24, “The protagonist is usually easy enough to identify: he or she is the essential character without whom there would be not in the first place. It is the protagonist’s fate the conflict or problem being wrestled with on which attention of the reader focused”. 27 In another word, protagonist is the most essential character in a story because without this character there will not be plot. The conflict that happens in a story is always related to the protagonist. The protagonist is conducted by Perrine and Arp 1988 – 42 also give definition about protagonist, “The central character in the conflict, whether a sympathetic or an unsympathetic person, is referred to as the protagonist”. 28 It can be recognized that protagonist is the main character of the story. It does not matter whether he or she is a good or bad person. “Protagonist that is the name given to the central characters of your story – the character that the story is about. As audience members, we can generally only focus on one or two characters to lead us through a story”. 29 From the explanation, it is known that protagonist is the main character in a story. The conflict in a story is about the protagonist. 26 Baker, Lyman A, Critical Concepts “Static” and Dynamic” Characterization. Accessed onFebruary22,2010.http:www.kstate.eduenglishbakerenglish320ccstatic_vs_dynamic_charact erization.ht 27 Pickering, James H., and Jeffry D. Hoeper 1962, loc. cit. 26 Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. Arp 1988, op. cit. p. 42. 29 http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiprotagonist. From all the explanation above, it is known that protagonist is the main character of the movie, the character who has the conflict of the story. The protagonist must not more than two figures. It does not matter whether the protagonist is a bad or a good person. The conflict is always related to him or her. The protagonist is also the hero of the story. The protagonist of this movie is William Wilberforce. He is a protagonist because he is the main character in the movie. He has the conflict of the story because the movie talks about the William’s struggle in passing the bill of the slaves trade abolition. According to Pickering and Hoeper, “The major, central, character of the plot is the protagonist: his opponent, the character against whom the protagonist struggles of the antagonist”. 30 It is known that protagonist is a character that fights with the protagonist. Analyzing this character is more difficult than analyzing protagonist because this character can be a person, a thing, natural environment, and also the social hostile. Perrine and Thomas, state, “the forces arrayed him whether person, things, conversation of society, or traits of his own character, are the antagonist”. 31 It means that antagonist is not only person, but also the environment, things, and society. The most important thing is the character that against protagonist. “Antagonist – we generally think of the antagonist as being the villain but really they are any force that keeps the protagonist from reaching their goal”. 32 It can be recognized that antagonist is a figure that figure that disturbs the 30 Pickering, James H., and Jeffry D. Hoeper 1962, loc. cit. 31 Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. Arp 1988, loc. cit. 32 . http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiantagonist. protagonist in reaching her or his goal. The antagonist can be more than one person and can be not human. All the definitions above that antagonist is a character that fights against with the protagonist. It can be a human, natural environment, thing, and social environment that fight with the protagonist efforts. A story can have multiple antagonists. Examples for the antagonist character of the Amazing Grace movie are: Duke of Clarence, Lord Tarleton, Lord Dundas, Members of the House who agreed with the slaves trade, the Great Britain Society.

C. Characterization

Characterization is a way to identify a character. The characterization of a character is definition of a character, which is described physically or seen from attitudes and how heshe behave. It is also the main point to really know how a character. Character is a person in literary work and characterization is the way in which a character is created. From those understanding, we can conclude that characterization is a method used by the author in developing his story and character is the product of the story. Those descriptions can be conclude that characterization is the process by which a writer makes the character seems real to the reader or we also can say the characterization is the method used by a writer to develop a character in his story. According to Lawrence Perrine, there are three principles that need to be observing in characterization, they are: 1. The characters are consistent in their behavior: they don’t behave one way on one occasion and a different way another unless there is clearly sufficient reason for the change. 2. The character are clearly motivated in whatever they do, especially there’s any change in their behavior, we must be able to understand the reason for what they do, if not immediately, at least by the end of the story. 3. The characters are plausible or life like. 33 Based on the three principles above, characterization will be easily investigated. Characterization is the method an author uses to reveal or describe character and their various personalities.

D. Characteristics

Characteristic describes or identifies qualities or traits, and often stresses the typical nature of the qualities mentioned but is likely also indicated that they distinguish the item described. 34 Definition of characteristic is showing the character, or distinctive qualities or traits, of a person or thing. Characteristic definitely is a feature or quality that makes somebody or something recognizable, also distinguishing or representative of a particular person or thing. 35 Characteristic a distinguishing feature or quality, Generosity is his chief characteristic. A feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably, 33 Perrine Lawrence, Literature, Structure, Sound and Sense, London: Harcourt Bruce Jovanovic, 1984, 5 th . p. 41. 34 Dramatica: A New Theory of Story by Fourth Edition, Screenplay Systems Incorporated, 2001, online dramatica.com; Tenth Annivesary Edition, Write Brothers, Inc., 2004, ISBN 091897304X 35 Dr.Soejono Soekanto, S.H, M.A Kamus Sosiologi Edisi Baru Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada 1993, p.64 a distinguishing trait. Trait is distinguishing characteristic or quality, especially of one’s personal nature, while character is the group of features, traits and characteristic that from the individual nature of some person or thing. The characteristic, a distinguishing trait, quality, or property, an element of character, that which characterized.