Proceedings International Seminar The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character, and Manifestation
PROCEEDINGS
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
The Knowledge City:
Spirit, Character and Manifestation
13th-14th NOVEMBER 2007
MEDAN – INDONESIA
Scientific Committee:
Abdul Ghani Bin Saleh, Prof., BE, Bsc, PhD. (USM)
Julaihi Bin Wahid, Assoc. Prof., BArch, MArch , PhD. (USM)
Gunawan Tjahjono, Prof., Ir., MArch, PhD. (UI)
Alip Bin Rahim, Assoc. Prof., Bsc, MSc, PhD.(USM)
Tjuk Kuswartojo, Ir. (ITB)
Edited by:
Morida Siagian, Ir., MURP
Syamsul Bahri, Ir., MT
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia, Ir., M.Sc
Basaria Talarosha, Ir., MT
Imam Faisal Pane, ST., MT
Novrial, Ir., M. Eng
Salmina Wati Ginting, ST., MT
Beny O.Y. Marpaung ST, MT
Published by:
Departement of Architecture
University of Sumatera Utara
Medan-Indonesia
i
USU Press
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Medan, Indonesia
Telp. 061-8213737; Fax 061-8213737
Kunjungi kami di:
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07
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ISBN: 979 458 313 8
Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT)
Proceeding International Seminar The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character, and
Manifestation 13th-14th November 2007. Medan--Indonesia; Edited by Morida
Siagian [et.al]--Medan: USU Press, 2007
xvi, 483 p.: ilus.: 24
Bibliografi
ISBN: 979-458- 313-8
Dicetak di Medan, Indonesia
ii
List of Contributors
No.
1.
Name
Agus Budi Purnomo
Nationality
Indonesia
2.
Ari Rahadini
Indonesia
3.
Arya Ronald
Indonesia
4.
Astuti
Indonesia
5.
6.
Azizah Hanim Nasution
Budi Arlius Putra
Indonesia
Indonesia
7.
Dedes Nur Gandarum
Indonesia
8.
Dhani Mutiari
Indonesia
9.
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia
Indonesia
10.
E. Edwards Mckinnon
Singapore
11.
12.
Galih Widjil Pangarsa
Gerarda Orbita Ida Cahyandari
Indonesia
Indonesia
Organisation
Trisakti University Research Center : Jalan
Kiai Tapa, Grogol, Jakarta Barat;
Telp.0215663232 ext 141-144; Email:
agusbudi@dnet.net.id
Majoring in Architecture , Civil and
Structural Engineering Department,
Semarang State University, Kampus
Sekaran Gedung E2 Lantai 1
Gunungpati, Semarang, Central Java,
Indonesia; Phone. (024) 8508102; Fax.
(024) 8508102;
Email: ayik12@yahoo.com;
Home address: Srondol Bumi Indah K14,
Semarang;
Mobile phone: 08562668344
Department of Architecture and Planning,
Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada
University, Jl. Grafika 2, Yogyakarta 55281;
Email: aryaronald@ugm.ac.id,
arya211143@yahoo.co.id,
aryaronald@yahoo.com;
Mobile phone: 08156887829
Research Centre for Human Settlement;
Bukit Idaman Kav 72 Bandung 40142;
Phone: 022 2002144 (Home); (Mobile):
0816616751; Email:
sasti@bdg.centrin.net.id
Email : adeanasti@yahoo.com
Pengurus Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia Daerah
Jambi, Pegawai PU Kabupaten Bungo,
Dosen Luar Biasa FT UNBARI Jambi, Jl.
Slamet Riyadi, Jambi 36122
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Planning Trisakti
University, Jl. Kiai Tapa no.1 Grogol,
Jakarta Barat 11440;
Tel/Fax 021 5684643; Email:
Dedesng@yahoo.com
Department of Architecture, Engineering
Faculty of Surakarta Muhammadiyah
University ; Email:
dhani_mutiari@yahoo.com
Magister Architecture of Engineering,
School of Postgraduate Study, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia;
Email : citina @ indosat.net.id
Asia Research Institute, NUS;
Email:
Email : galih.wp@gmail.com
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, AtmaJaya Yogyakarta
University; Jl. Babarsari 44, Yogyakarta
55281; Tel.(0274) 487711 ext.1153; Email:
idach@mail.uajy.ac.id
iii
13.
Handinoto
Indonesia
14.
15.
16.
Hendaru Sadyadharma
Henry Sitorus
Hinijati Widjaja
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
17.
18.
19.
Dr., Huzili Hussin
Ida I. Gede Raka
I Made Benyamin
Malaysia
Indonesia
Indonesia
20.
Dr. Izaidin Abd. Majid
Malaysia
21.
Irwansyah Harahap
Indonesia
22.
23.
24.
Jansen H. Sinamo
Johannes Widodo
Laksmi Gondokusumo
Siregar
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
25.
Lita Nasution
Indonesia
26.
L. Edhi Prasetya
Indonesia
27.
Prof. Dr. Mohd. Taib Hj. Dora
Malaysia
iv
Departement of Architecture, Faculty of
Civil Engineering and Planning, Petra
Christian University, Jl. Siwalankerto 142144, Gd. P. LT 6, Surabaya 60236;
Telp (031) 8439040, 8494830-31, 2983372;
FAX. (031) 8417658; Email:
handinot@peter.petra.ac.id
Email : hendarusadyadharma@yahoo.com
Email : sitorhen@yahoo.com
Lecturer of Landscape Architecture Trisakti
University Indonesia ,Address: Jl. Kenari I
A 6/ 22 Pondok Sejahtera Tangerang
15000 Indonesia; Telephone and fax:
Office (62 -021) 5663232 and Fax : 0215602575; Mobile (62-021) 70105039;
Email: hinijatiwidjaja@plasa.com
Email: huzili@unimap.edu.my
Email: raka@bdg.centrin.net.id
Dosen Fakultas Ekonomi, dan Ketua
Program Studi Ekonomi Sumberdaya,
Program Pascasarjana,Universitas
Hasanuddin, Makassar;
Alamat : Jalan Panampu 2, Lr. II, No.A-4,
Makassar, 90211, Sul-Sel; Telp./Fax. :
0411- 453475; Email :
imadebenyamin@yahoo.com
Centre for Languages and Human
Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
Melaka; Karung Berkunci 1200,75450, Ayer
Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia; Tel: 6062333071; Fax: 606-2333144;
Email: izaidin@utem.edu.my
Phone : 08126050625 / 081631163414;
Email : suarasama@yahoo.com
Email : jansensinamo@cbn.net.id
Email : jwidodo@nus.edu.sg
Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Indonesia,
Kampus UI - Depok 16424; Tel. : [021] 786
3512; Fax: [021] 786 3514; Email:
laksmisiregar@yahoo.com
Program Doktor Pengelolaan Sumberdaya
Alam dan Lingkungan SPs USU. Address :
Jln. Karya Setuju No. 22 Medan, Medan.
Telp. (061) 6614021/081361682949
Department of Architecture, Pancasila
University; Jl. Srengseng Sawah,
Jagakarsa, Jakarta Selatan; Telp.(021)
7864730 ext. 15/30; Fax (021) 7270128;
Email: prastyan@yahoo.com
Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia
Locked Bag 1200,Ayer Keroh,
75450 Melaka, Malaysia; Tel: +606 233
3371; Fax: +606 233 3369;
Mobile: +6 012 603 3700 ; Email:
mohdtaib@utem.edu.my
28.
29.
30.
Ir. Mindo Siagian, MSc.
M. Ridwan Kamil
Nurmaidah
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
31.
Nurtati
Indonesia
32.
Ngakan Ketut Acwin
Dwijendra
Indonesia
33.
Qomarun
Indonesia
34.
Rini Raksadjaya
Indonesia
35.
36.
Rudolf Sitorus
Samuel Hartono
Indonesia
Indonesia
37.
38.
Sismudjito
Soni Pratomo
Indonesia
Indonesia
39.
Suharman Hamzah
Indonesia
40.
Suparti Amir Salim
Indonesia
41.
Syafiatun Siregar
Indonesia
42.
Teguh Utomo Atmoko
Indonesia
Email: siagian_mindo@yahoo.co.id
Email: urbane@cbn.net.id
Staf Pengajar Universitas Medan Area;
Email: midah_zizi@yahoo.com
Department of Architecture, Institut
Teknologi Nasional-Bandung; Email:
nts_80@yahoo.com
Lecturer of Engineering Faculty,
Architecture Department, Udayana
University – Bali; Email:
acwindwijendra@yahoo.com
Architecture Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta, Indonesia; Jl. A. Yani Tromol
Pos 1, Kartasura, Surakarta 57171; Phone:
0271-717417 Ext 225; Email:
qomarun@ums.ac.id
Program Studi Arsitektur SAPPK ITB, Jl.
Ganesha 10 Bandung 40191, Lecturer.
Architecture Design Research Group. Ph.
022 2504962; Fax 022 2530706; Email
address: rinirr@rad.net.id
Email : sitorusrudolf@yahoo.com
Departement of Architecture, Faculty of
Civil Engineering and Planning, Petra
Christian University, Jl. Siwalankerto 142144, Gd. P. LT 6, Surabaya 60236;
Telp (031) 8439040, 8494830-31, 2983372;
FAX. (031) 8417658; Email:
samhart@peter.petra.ac.id
Phone : 08163116344
Dosen Tetap Fakultas Teknik Universitas
Batanghari Jambi, Jl. Slamet Riyadi, Jambi
36122; Phone: 0741668280;
Fax:074165598; Alamat: Jl. A. Thalib RT 08
No. 55 Jambi 36124; HP. 08127477535;
Email: sonipratomo@yahoo.com
Construction Management Laboratory, Civil
Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Hasanuddin
University,Makassar, South Sulawesi; Telp.
0411-587636, Fax. 0411-586015; Email:
suharmanhz@yahoo.com
Lecturer, KK-PP / SAPPK-ITB; Prodi
Arsitektur-ITB, Labteks IX, Jl. Ganesa no.
10, Bandung; Phone: (022) 2504 962; Fax:
(022) 2530 705; Home Address: Kopo
Permai III, Blok F12 / 13, Bandung 40239;
HP: 0812 2182 389; Email :
bupar@bdg.centrin.net.id;
bupar@ar.itb.ac.id
Staf pengajar UNIMED;
Email : syafiatunsiregar@yahoo.co.id
Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Indonesia,
Kampus UI - Depok 16424; Tel.: [021] 786
3512; Fax: [021] 786 3514; Email:
tiua552003@yahoo.com
v
43.
Triatno Yudo Harjoko
Indonesia
44.
45.
Wan Burhanuddin
Widiastuti
Malaysia
Indonesia
46.
Wirsal Hasan
Indonesia
47.
Wiwik D Pratiwi
Indonesia
48.
Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto
Indonesia
vi
Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Indonesia,
Kampus UI - Depok 16424; Tel.: [021] 786
3512; Fax: [021] 786 3514; Email:
gotty@eng.ui.ac.id
Email: wburhan@alum.mit.edu
Udayana University, Kampus Bukit
Jimbaran, Bali; Perum Padang Galleria No.
67, Denpasar Bali; Phone: (0361) 734312;
Mobile: (081) 557 669 12; Email:
Wiwied@ar.unud.ac.id dan
syamsul_alam_paturusi@yahoo.fr
Lecture, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat,
Universitas Sumatera Utara; Jl. Universitas
Kampus USU; Program Doktor
Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan
Lingkungan SPs USU; Jl. Mustafa 18
Medan ; Telp. 061-6611627; HP.
0819863979; Email: wirsal@yahoocom
School of Architecture, Planning and Policy
Development
Institut Teknologi Bandung; Alamat :Jl.
Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132; ph.+62 22
2504962 fx.+62 22 2530705;
Email : wdpratiwi@ar.itb.ac.id
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Planning Parahyangan
University; Jalan Sariwangi 14A
Parongpong Kabupaten Bandung; Telp
022-2017932; HP. 08122350359;
Email: jbase@home.unpar.ac.id
Preface
The progress of urban planning and urban design in most textbooks and
seminars in Indonesia has relatively hardly discussed cities from spiritual point
of view. This view is a perspective that goes beyond intellectual and technical
aspects, transcends commercial and economical dimensions, and surpasses
the material and sensorial features.
The spiritual approach has to do with meaning, vision, and values that
held dear by those who are involved in designing a city, and especially for those
who are destined to live there. Spirituality makes us stronger since it’s relating
us to the vital element of this life, more visionary since it’s connecting us with the
glorious dimension of this universe, more affectionate because it’s resonating us
by the loving grace of our Creator – The Great Designer, and wiser because it’s
inspiring us by the wonder of His creation that spread out with enchant.
In this perspective, the work of designing a city – like all other
professions – is a sacred duty or God’s calling for us, not a mere side job, let
alone a ‘rush – rush project’.
The spiritual poverty has brought our cities into the trap of banal egoism
and brutal commercialism that breeds violence and all kinds of urban criminals.
There have been so many cities, very successful in increasing their local
revenues, but very poor in terms of space quality, cultural heritage appreciation,
and respect for people. Developing a city is so often treated as merely drafting a
city plan or urban design, building industrial complexes or business centers and
land expansion or sea reclamation. This phenomenon is getting worse because
of the poor understanding of the spiritual dimension that mentioned above.
The spiritual approach would provide spirit to the knowledge we
commonly use in designing a city. Now, it is not just the knowledge driven by
mathematical intelligence, but also the knowledge that considers even adopts
philosophical and religious concepts, emotion and aspiration understanding, as
well as culture and urban anthropology.
Having understood this new knowledge, then the design process can be
proceed to the making step, that is how a city is made and produced. Without
this knowledge, a city will fail to express something civilized that have a
character laden with spiritual values. A city might functions as a machine of
living, an artefact of culture, a production place, or a social entity. But more than
that, a city should have a character and honour of its own since they are the
reflection of the soul and aspirations of its dwellers. Futhermore, as a cultural
product, a city should be able to facilitate the development and growth of its
people behaviour towards nobility.
This seminar is held for those noble purposes. With colleagues from all
fields of knowledge, we collect ideas, concepts, and experiences to develop and
spread the idea of “knowledge city “ wishing the idea of this seminar can
donate the discourse of urban planning which finally improve the quality of
human life.
vii
We welcome you, share your ideas and hope what we have done with all
our heart will be heard with heart. Thank you.
The organizing comitee of International Seminar “The Knowledge City: Spirit,
Character, and Manifestation”,
Departemen Arsitektur Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan - Indonesia
viii
Programme
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ‘The Knowledge City:
Spirit, Character, and Manifestation’
Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
DAY 1 : Tuesday, 13th November 2007
08.00 – 08.30
08.30 – 09.00
09.00 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.00
10.00 – 10.45
10.45 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.30
13.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 15.00
15.00 – 15.30
15.30 – 16.00
16.15 – 17.00
17.00 – 17.30
Registration
Welcoming Speeches:
Chairman
: Morida Siagian, Ir , MURP
Rector of University of Sumatra Utara
: Chairuddin P. Lubis, Prof., DTM & H, SpAK
Governour of North Sumatera Province
: Rudolf Pardede, Drs.
Key Note Speech: Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X
Coffee Break
Presentations of Invited Speeches (1)
10.00 – 10.15
Johannes Widodo, Dr.
10.15 – 10.30
Jansen H. Sinamo
10.30 – 10.45
Galih Widjil Pangarsa, Dr.
Moderator : Abdul Ghani Bin Saleh, Prof., BE, Bsc, PhD.
Discussion Time
Lunch Break
Presentations of Invited Speeches (2)
13.30 – 13.45
Wan Burhanuddin, Prof.
13.45 – 14.00
Ida I. Gede Raka, Prof. Dr.
Moderator : Julaihi Bin Wahid, Assoc. Prof., BArch, MArch , PhD.
Discussion Time
Coffee Break
Presentations of Invited Speeches (3)
15.30 – 15.45
M. Ridwan Kamil, ST. MUD.
15.45 – 16.00
Rudolf Sitorus, Ir. MLA.
16.00 – 16.15
Irwansyah Harahap, MA.
Moderator : Rithaony Hutajulu, MA.
Discussion Time
Resume
ix
DAY 2 : Wednesday, 14th November 2007
Paralel session “Call for Paper”
Member will be divide become 2 parallel groups with schedule
below:
08.30 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
Registration
“Call for Papers”
09.00 – 09.15
Group II
Topological Comparison of
Palace City of Mataram
and Aceh in the 17th
Century
Agus Budi Purnomo
Jogjakarta and
Cakranegara: An Initial
Study on Two Capitals of
the Last Kingdoms in the
Archipelago (Until the 18th
Century) Which were
Designed Based on the
Local Traditional City
Planning
Handinoto and Samuel
Hartono
Re-Emphasize Urban
Linkage Continuity as An
Effort for Conservating
Panggung Krapyak
Yogyakarta
L. Edhi Prasetya, Dharma
Widya
Transformation of Spiritual
Concepts in Urban Space
Widiastuti
09.15 – 09.30
Symbolism: The
Configuration of A City
Arya Ronald
09.30 – 09.45
Civic Buildings and Public
Places as Reflection of the
Human Spirit of
Togetherness
Teguh Utomo Atmoko
Discussion
Transformation of
Classical Chinese City
Planning: Case on
Surakarta and Bandung
Dhani Mutiari, Nurtati
09.45 – 10.00
10.00 – 10.15
x
Group I
10.15 – 10.30
An Organism Named Solo
(The Concept of City as
Genetics)
Qomarun and Arya Ronald
10.30 – 10.45
The Influence of Cultural
Sensitivity Toward Human
Development Ecosystem
Astuti
Discussion
The Existence of Balinese
Traditional Culture Value
on Denpasar City
Development
Ngakan Ketut Acwin
Dwijendra
A Study on Residential
Preference in Suburban
Areas of Medan, Case
Study: Kelurahan Gedung
Johor Kecamatan Medan
Johor Kota Medan and
Kelurahan
Delitua
Kecamatan Namorambe
Kabupaten Deli Serdang
Syafiatun Siregar
Characteristics Study
Resident Living of Slum
Settlement on River Bank,
Case Study: Asahan River,
Tanjung Balai, North
Sumatera
Nurmaidah
10.45– 11.00
11.00 – 11.15
Discussion
City as A Human
Development Ecosystem:
Exploring the
Characteristics of An
Entrepreneurial Region
Izaidin Abdul Majid, Mohd.
Taib Dora, Prof. Dr.,
Kamariah Ismail, Dr., Huzili
Hussin.
Invaluable Cultural
Heritage at Risk: An
Appeal for the
Conservation of Important
Archaeological Sites at
Kota Cina & Deli Tua
E. Edwards Mckinnon
The Relation of Urban
Ecology of Symbolism in
Morphology (City Shape
and Structure) of
Semarang City
Ari Rahadini
Discussion
Discussion
Bandung Colonial City
Revisited
Rini Raksadjaya
The Jambinese Melayu
Settlement Pattern
Soni Pratomo, Budi Arlius
Putra
Urban Ecology
Lita Nasution
Pembangunan Perumahan
dan Permukiman Nasional:
Permasalahan, Harapan
dan Tantangan
Mindo Siagian
Urban Social Diversity,
Urban Self Image, and
Inquiry Paradigm
Approach
Dedes Nur Gandarum
Understanding the
Dualism in City Planning
Laksmi Gondokusumo
Siregar
13.45 – 14.00
Discussion
Discussion
14.00 – 14.15
City as An Urban Social
Diversity: A Case Study of
Rukun Tetangga in Kuala
Lumpur and Selangor
Prof. Dr. Mohd. Taib Hj.
Dora, Dr. Izaidin Abd. Majid,
Dr. Raja Roslan Raja Abd.
Rahman, Norliah Kudus,
Zawiah Mat, Noor Maslian
Othman
Identification of
Denunciating Consumers
to Developer After Housing
The Knowledge City:
Whose Knowledge? A
Case Study of Jakarta
Triatno Yudo Harjoko
11.15– 11.30
11.30 – 11.45
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.15
11.45 – 12.00
Lunch Break
“Call for
Papers”
13.00 – 13.15
13.15 – 13.30
13.30 – 13.45
14.15 – 14.30
Community’s Green
Behavior Management to
Sustainable City
Azizah Hanim Nasution and
Hendaru Sadyadharma
Historical Background of
City Establishment and
Some Problems
Underlying Its
Development Process
Sismudjito
Discussion
Design as An Instrument
to Improve the Quality Life
of the Poor: Issues for
Research
Suparti Amir Salim
Materializing
Environmentally Oriented
City*
xi
14.30 – 15.00
15.00 – 15.15
15.15 – 15.30
15.30 – 15.45
15.45 – 16.00
16.15 – 16.30
16.30
xii
16.00 – 16.15
Reviewings
& Conclusion
Closing The
Seminar
Take Over
Suharman Hamzah
Understanding Urban
Kampong in Indonesian
Urbanity, Case Study:
Kampongs in the City
Center of Bandung
Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto
Discussion
Gated Community as A
Social Segregation in
Housing Estate in Medan
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia
Traditional Fort of Keraton
Yogyakarta and Sacred
Axis Influenced Social and
Political Development in
Colonial and Modern
Period
Gerarda Orbita Ida
Cahyandari
Functional Transformation
in Fort of Yogyakarta
Palace, A Case of
Occupying Adaptability in
Historical Area
Dina Poerwoningsih and
Pindo Tutuko
I Made Benyamin
Discussion
Discussion
Multicultural Heritages in
A City as Productive
Tourism Places
Wiwik D Pratiwi
Discussion
Spirit Acculturation of
Tangerang City Existence
Hinijati Widjaja
Slum Area on Deli River
Bank
Wirsal Hasan and Edhy
Mirwandono
Contents
Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Introduction
Programme
Contents
iii
vii
viii
ix
xiii
Part One: THE KNOWLEDGE CITY: SPIRIT, CHARACTER,
AND MANIFESTATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Cosmopolitan Spirit and its Manifestation in Southeast
Asian Cities
Johannes Widodo
Manusia, Kota dan Etos Pembangunan
Jansen H. Sinamo
Towards A Nusantara City
Galih Widjil Pangarsa
The Production of Knowledge City
Wan Burhanuddin
Developing City with Character: What A University Can Do?,
Case of Indonesia
Ida I. Gede Raka
Alam, Meramu Kota: Spice Creates the Space
Rudolf Sitorus
Huta dan Kota: Apa Maknanya untuk Kita?
Irwansyah Harahap
1
13
22
34
57
65
74
Part Two: CITY AS A COSMIC SYMBOLISM
8.
Topological Comparison of Palace City of Mataram and Aceh in
the 17th Century
Agus Budi Purnomo
9. Symbolism: The Configuration of A City
Arya Ronald
10. Jogjakarta and Cakranegara: An Initial Study on Two Capitals
of the Last Kingdoms in the Archipelago (Until the 18 th Century)
Which were Designed Based on the Local Traditional City
Planning
Handinoto and Samuel Hartono
11. Re-Emphasize Urban Linkage Continuity as An Effort for
Conservating Panggung Krapyak Yogyakarta
L. Edhi Prasetya, Dharma Widya
91
100
114
130
xiii
Part Three: CITY AS A SPIRITUAL MANISFESTATION
12. Civic Buildings and Public Places as Reflection of the Human
Spirit of Togetherness
Teguh Utomo Atmoko
13. Transformation of Classical Chinese City Planning: Case on
Surakarta and Bandung
Dhani Mutiari, Nurtati Soewarno
14. Transformation of Spiritual Concepts in Urban Space
Widiastuti
15. The Existence of Balinese Traditional Culture Value on
Denpasar City Development
Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra
143
151
162
178
Part Four: CITY AS A HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ECOSYSTEM
16. An Organism Named Solo (The Concept of City as Genetics)
Qomarun and Arya Ronald
17. The Influence of Cultural Sensitivity Toward Human
Development Ecosystem
Astuti
18. City as A Human Development Ecosystem: Exploring the
Characteristics of An Entrepreneurial Region
Izaidin Abdul Majid, Mohd. Taib Dora, Prof. Dr., Kamariah Ismail,
Dr., Huzili Hussin.
19. Invaluable Cultural Heritage at Risk: An Appeal for the
Conservation of Important Archaeological Sites at Kota Cina &
Deli Tua
E. Edwards Mckinnon
20. The Relation of Urban Ecology of Symbolism in Morphology
(City Shape and Structure) of Semarang City
Ari Rahadini
21. The Jambinese Melayu Settlement Pattern
Soni Pratomo, Budi Arlius Putra
22. Pembangunan Perumahan dan Permukiman Nasional:
Permasalahan, Harapan dan Tantangan
Mindo Siagian
23. A Study on Residential Preference in Suburban Areas of
Medan, Case Study: Kelurahan Gedung Johor Kecamatan
Medan Johor Kota Medan and Kelurahan Delitua Kecamatan
Namorambe Kabupaten Deli Serdang
Syafiatun Siregar
24. Characteristics Study Resident Living of Slum Settlement on
River Bank, Case Study: Asahan River, Tanjung Balai, North
Sumatera
Nurmaidah
xiv
193
206
217
230
239
252
252
265
279
25. Bandung Colonial City Revisited
Rini Raksadjaya
26. Community’s Green Behavior Management to Sustainable City
Azizah Hanim Nasution and Hendaru Sadyadharma
27. Historical Background of City Establishment and Some
Problems Underlying Its Development Process
Sismudjito
28. Urban Ecology
Lita Nasution
289
297
306
313
Part Five: CITY AS AN URBAN SOCIAL DIVERSITY
29. Urban Social Diversity, Urban Self Image, and Inquiry Paradigm
Approach
Dedes Nur Gandarum
30. City as An Urban Social Diversity: A Case Study of Rukun
Tetangga in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor
Prof. Dr. Mohd. Taib Hj. Dora, Dr. Izaidin Abd. Majid, Dr. Raja
Roslan Raja Abd. Rahman, Norliah Kudus, Zawiah Mat, Noor
Maslian Othman
31. Identification of Denunciating Consumers to Developer After
Housing Take Over
Suharman Hamzah
32. Understanding Urban Kampong in Indonesian Urbanity, Case
Study: Kampongs in the City Center of Bandung
Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto
33. Gated Community as A Social Segregation in Housing Estate in
Medan
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia
34. Traditional Fort of Keraton Yogyakarta and Sacred Axis
Influenced Social and Political Development in Colonial and
Modern Period
Gerarda Orbita Ida Cahyandari
35. Understanding the Dualism in City Planning
Laksmi Gondokusumo Siregar
36. Design as An Instrument to Improve the Quality Life of the
Poor: Issues for Research
Suparti Amir Salim
37. The Knowledge City: Whose Knowledge? A Case Study of
Jakarta
Triatno Yudo Harjoko
38. Materializing Environmentally Oriented City*
I Made Benyamin
39. Multicultural Heritages in A City as Productive Tourism Places
Wiwik D Pratiwi
40. Spirit Acculturation of Tangerang City Existence
Hinijati Widjaja
321
334
346
354
366
379
390
397
407
425
438
454
xv
41. Slum Area on Deli River Bank
Wirsal Hasan and Edhy Mirwandono
42. Unctional Transformation In Fort of Yogyakarta Palace, A Case
of Occupying Adaptability in Historical Area
Dina Poerwoningsih and Pindo Tutuko
xvi
461
473
Part One:
THE KNOWLEDGE CITY:
SPIRIT, CHARACTER, AND
MANIFESTATION
International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
THE COSMOPOLITAN SPIRIT AND ITS
MANIFESTATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITIES:
THE RISE, THE FALL, AND THE REVIVAL
Dr. Johannes Widodo
Department of Architecture & Asia Research Institute (Asian Cities Cluster)
4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566, Republic of Singapore
jwidodo@nus.edu.sg
Abstract
Southeast Asian cities have been developing since the
beginning of the first century around the “Mediterranean of Asia”,
where great civilizations mingled, interchanged, and mixed,
creating locals and yet interrelated Cosmopolitan hybrid culture in
both intangible and tangible forms. This harmonious coexistence
and its coherent manifestations in the built forms were the
character of our Southeast Asian cities, continuously sustained
even during the long period of European imperialistic rule with
their divisive politics – although seeds of fragmentations and
conflicts had been sown onto the cities and regions since the
beginning of their arrival in our coastal cities. The segregation,
fragmentation, and contestation in our cities have been intensified
since the end of Second World War, when Modernism is being
used as vehicle for the Nationalism, Socialism, and Rationalism
spirit against the dying old Colonialism, especially during the Cold
War period. Ironically the Modernist idealism to liberate the city
and its population was failed to deliver good results: the cities
become a harsh place for contestation and conflict between the
rich and the poor, the formal and the informal, the powerful and
the powerless. Across Asia, the conflict is getting worse today.
Conservation, Preservation, and Revitalization of urban heritage
have become increasingly important today, in order to retain and
to revive the inclusiveness and cohesiveness of cosmopolitan
spirit. Perhaps it is the only hope for us to reverse the destructive
forces in our cities today. We may use it to stop the erasure of
memory, to bridge the gaps between communities, to connect
fragments of the city, to rebuild the cohesive community spirit,
and to make a city a better and sustainable place for present and
future generations.
A. The Rise of Southeast Asian Cosmopolitan Cities
Located right at the cross-road of world trading routes,
Southeast Asia has been very open towards various influences
from outside: India, Arab, Persia, China, Europe, Japan, and the
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
rest of the world. All of those influences were peacefully and
harmoniously absorbed and adopted into local culture, then
expressed into unique but yet closely linked culture, language,
architecture, and artifacts. Diverse, eclectic, fused, adaptive,
tolerant, inclusive, integrative, can perhaps describe the complex
nature of Southeast Asian architecture and urbanism.
At the dawn of Southeast Asian urban maritime civilization,
the vessels from the north (China, Japan, and Ryukyu) sailing to
the south made use of the northern monsoon between JanuaryFebruary, and returning home by the southern monsoon between
June-August. Indian and Arab ships went eastward by the
southwest monsoon between April-August, and returned by the
northeast monsoon from December. During the cyclone periods
or the changing monsoon seasons, these traders stayed in
Southeast Asian ports and inhabited the markets, while waiting
for their trading partners from the other parts of the world.
These exchanges took place mostly in and around the
South China Sea, Java Sea, and Melaka Strait – which could be
perceived as the “Mediterranean of Asia” – lying between two
great sub-continents (China and India), and between two great
oceans (Pacific and Indian). Since the first century the coastal
regions and their hinterlands therefore became fertile grounds for
the growth of new civilizations, new blends of urbanism and
architecture, new settlements and cities. They are formed by
complex layers of various cultures, ideologies, economies, and
ecosystems (e.g. native-vernacular, Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic,
Chinese, Colonial, Modernist, Nationalist, Communist, Corporate,
etc.), manifested in the hybrid urban morphology and architectural
typologies. Southeast Asian urban societies and cities are
characterized by rich cultural collage/interweaving of community
diversity, hybridity in the built-forms and material culture,
persistence and permanence of urban patterns and artifacts.
The city is like a boat or a vessel, loaded by people, goods,
activities, rituals, and symbolism – a vessel of civilization sailing
across history, from the past heading towards the future. The
trading ships and immigrant boats were not only carrying people
and goods, but also conveying cosmological and geometrical
memories from its original places into the new landscapes,
implanting new layers in the new lands. The different layers from
different cultures have been super-imposed, adapted, and
undergone process of indigenization along its history, forming a
truly blended cosmopolitan urban morphology and culture,
manifested in the myriad of forms and artifacts in different
localities.
In 1980s, Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana – an Indonesian
esteemed scholar – proposed a geographical term for this
dynamic region, that is “Bumantara” (literally means “region in
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
between”), located at the centre of international maritime,
commerce, and exchange corridors. It was continuously shaped
and enriched by Indian, Islamic, Chinese, and European cultural
layers and elements – constantly nurtured and developed along
its history.
Mediterranean of Asia
Figure 1. Mediterranean of Asia (image source: Google Earth)
In Southeast Asia cultural and geographical “boundary” is
always blurring, overlapping, or intersecting, and has never been
clearly defined. People in different places, islands or continents
are keep moving, communicating, and intermingling from past till
present, influencing each other and producing hybrid, fused,
diverse architecture and material culture. Diversity, eclecticism,
fusion, acculturation, adaptation, can perhaps describe the nature
of Southeast Asian architecture and urbanism from the past into
the present and future. Never ending process of layering,
transformations, and hybridization, is probably the best to
describe its dynamic and sustainable characters. For more than
two millenniums of its urban history, many cities in Southeast
Asian region have been demonstrating their ability in preserving
its primary elements and basic morphological patterns, and by
this is clearly demonstrating its tangible and intangible traces and
connections along transformation process.
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
B. Fragmentation of Contemporary Southeast Asian Cities
Modernization is not developed in a vacuum, but in
different aspects of specific contexts – natural, environmental,
social, cultural, physical, and historical. Modernization is a
structural process in formal, environmental and cultural sense. It
is a continuous social-cultural process of transplantation,
adjustment,
adaptation,
accommodation,
assimilation,
hybridization, and materialization – manifested in the myriad
forms architectural production and reproduction. In Southeast
Asia – the ancient and the modern, the Asian and the non-Asian,
have mingled and merged for centuries producing multi-layered
and wealthy variations of living architecture, which evolved and
developed from the past into the future. Diversity, variety,
unpredictability, all of this is the basic nature of Southeast Asian
urban culture and its materialization for centuries.
The Europeans has started to expand their hegemonic
ambition since late 15th century, initiated by the Portuguese (to
India, Melaka, Java, eastern Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan,
Japan), followed by the Dutch (to India, Melaka, Indonesia,
Taiwan, Japan), British (to India, Malaya peninsula, Bengkulu,
Java, China), Spanish (Philippines), French (to Indochina, China),
and German (to China). They introduced many new typologies
into the urban infrastructures, urban design, and architecture,
such as boulevards, streetscapes, façade, building techniques,
and new functions (military establishments, public buildings,
churches, urban squares and plazas, markets, railroads, stations,
plantation houses, and many more).
Initially the Europeans built the fortified trading posts in the
existing port cities as their first strongholds in Southeast Asia. It
was located on the most strategic place in preexisted city, near
the old harbor and market right at the river mouth, easily
accessible from the sea. The reason for this was to have an
effective control over the whole city inward. The fort made of
masonry structure was aimed to protect the European dwelling
compounds and warehouses inside, and in most cases the forts
were equipped with defense towers and military barracks. The
pre-existed city outside the trading post generally had the
characteristic of a cosmopolitan town consisted of a developed
Chinese area well connected to the native settlements or
enclaves by the market. The Chinese had been the main player in
the regional and domestic market, and soon they built a mutual
relationship with the European traders as middlemen. The
Chinese acted as the mediator between the European and the
other population groups.
When the European had managed to secure their position
and started to extend their hegemony, the trading post was soon
replaced by larger castle with European typology, surrounded by
moat and armed with large guns. The castle would be enlarged
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
when the European population increased, and they had enough
strength to control the other population groups. In addition to
residential function, the castle also had military function to defend
themselves, to threaten the city and other enemies, and for the
base for territorial expansion. European type town was built inside
this large castle, completed with a church, open central square,
administration and military buildings, warehouses, and dwellings.
It looked like a medieval European walled town but with more
military personnel, more commercial functions, and less civilian
population. Outside the castle normal urban activities of the preexisting city went on and even further enhanced by the rising
international commercial activities. The harbor facility would soon
be upgraded, accommodating the rising export of commodities
to Europe.
Figure 2. Sociologic model of Melaka (Malaysia)
in 18th-19th centuries (©jw)
In the colonial cities of the later period, segregation policy
of dwelling areas according to different races was implemented
almost in all colonial cities of Southeast Asia. By law the urban
population was racially and their settlements were physically
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
segregated: European, Chinese and other foreigners, and native
population. Normally there was no clear physical boundary which
separated the different racial zones, although in some cases
there were rivers, walls, or roads which functioned as the physical
boundaries. Nonetheless the non-physical legal boundaries had
caused internal densification process within each restricted zones
especially on the ethnic quarters. The over-densification would in
turn lead into the environmental disasters and public health
deteriorations of the whole city. The European area was allowed
to develop freely to all directions. But the deterioration of urban
environmental condition had forced the municipality governments
to abandon their restrictive policy and to launch improvement
programs in urban sanitation and utilities for the benefit of all
population groups. On the other hand the European area freely
developed and expanded, forming elegant European-style city in
the tropics. But the worsening environmental condition had forced
the colonial municipality governments to abandon their
segregation policy, and launched housing and infrastructure
improvement programs in inner cities.
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, rapid
modernization process had been taken place, started by the
revolution on transportation and urban infrastructure, in order to
cope with the rapid population, commerce, and industrial growth.
Transportation revolution, started by the construction of railroads
followed by the introduction of automobiles and the construction
of wider roads had opened all isolations and breaking up physical
segregations. In a very short period of time the technological
revolutions in many aspect of daily life such as electricity, gas,
telephone and telegraph, newspapers, banks, post office, public
transportation, etc. had transformed the colonial towns into a
more modern and functional cities. The rationality of function and
the logic of economy had gradually replaced the politically and
culturally motivated racial policy in the planning and design of
Southeast Asian cities. Municipal governments introduced
building codes and regulations, in order to improve sanitation
condition and public safety in the inner city. New building typology
had been introduced and old building typology was improved
following the new regulations to provide pedestrian arcades, open
backyard with utility functions, fire escape, etc.
In early twentieth century the colonial governments’
policies shifted to a more ethical approach towards their colonies,
parallel to the rise of ethics and socialist movements in Europe.
New housing areas were planned and developed inside and
around the city, to accommodate the rapid increase of urban
population. Infrastructure and housing improvement programs
were implemented to improve the well being of all segments of
the urban population.
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
Figure 3. Morphologic model of Semarang (Indonesia)
in early 20th century (©jw)
Harbors were enlarged or upgraded, some industrial
estates were developed, and the central business districts in the
city centers were rejuvenated. Trade fairs were organized to
accommodate the rapid growth in local and international
commerce and trade. Many fresh ideas from modern urban
planners and architects were manifested into city plans, urban
designs, and architectural styles – blended with the elements
from the local, natural and cultural contexts. The port cities in
Southeast Asia had grown up to the level similar to other modern
port cities in the world of that period. Some cities across
Southeast Asia such as Penang, Singapore, Medan, Batavia,
Semarang, Surabaya, Makassar, and Manila were linked to the
modern international maritime trade networks and developed into
the major regional growth and distribution centers.
A lot of idealism and hopes were put into the
transformation and the future of the cities in Southeast Asia, but
the global economic recession and the World Wars which raged
in the first half of twentieth century had terminated these dreams.
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
New political movements for independence and urban riots
against the colonial establishments had proliferated all over the
region. The economic recession and social-political instability had
stopped some urban development projects and had left many
parts of the city deteriorating and dilapidating. The Second World
War and the invasion of Japanese Imperial army to East Asia and
Southeast Asia gave the final blow to end the colonialism history
in Southeast Asia, and changed the course of urban history and
morphology of this region. Almost 300 years of European
colonization history had to come to an end. A new chapter of the
Southeast Asian urban history would soon begin to emerge, riding
the waves of decolonization and the spirit of national
independence.
Soon after the War newly independent countries were
appearing across Southeast Asia. For around two to three
decades since 1945, the countries in Southeast Asia were
struggling to overcome the past legacies of colonialism – such as
divisions and poverty - and at the same time trying very hard to
re-build the nation politically, socially, economically, and
physically. During the so-called “Cold War” period between 19451965, especially after the 1st Afro-Asia Conference in Bandung in
1956, in the newly independence nations of Asia (“new emerging
forces”) new architectural manifestations using the Modernist’s
International Style language were applied across Asia (e.g.
Soekarno’s Indonesia, Nehru’s India, Sihanouk’s Cambodia, Ho
Chi Minh’s Vietnam, etc.) as tangible sign of breaking away from
the colonial past.
Since the economic boom (following the “oil boom”)
around the 70s and 80s, rapid economic growth has accelerated
the cultural and physical transformation process, very often
leading to the fragmentation and destruction of old urban fabrics
and architectural heritages, resulting in “cultural amnesia” and
loss of identity. The layers of urban history and shared heritages
which kept the shared memory of the whole community for many
generations and centuries had been forgotten and even erased
completely, to be replaced with totally new forms alien to the long
lasting pre-existing cultural and morphological contexts. In many
contemporary Southeast Asian countries, many fine buildings
from the colonial period and historical urban fabric have been
being destroyed because of anti-colonialism sentiment or to give
way to the speculative and commercially motivated
developments. The urban communities and academics in Asia
are often powerless and clueless in facing the fragmentation and
rapid transformation of their cities. The long standing culturally
sustainable in Southeast Asia is undergoing very serious threat.
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
C. Restoring and Reinventing the Cosmopolitan Spirit of
Our Cities
The current trend of internationalization and reductionism
has caused alienation, conflict, amnesia, and loss of identity in
different cities, not only in the developed world but also in the
newly independent countries. In the current age of economic
globalization, trans-national consumerism, and the emergence of
global culture, the city is physically fragmented, socially divided,
and spiritually dried. Cities became look alike, because of similar
design, similar fast-food outlets, similar brand-name shops, and
similar urban culture. The contrasts between the formal and
informal urban social fabrics, between core and peripheries,
between big cities and rural settlements, are widening and often
conflicting. These negative trends have triggered reactions in
different levels of society, from governments to local communities.
They have similar intentions to re-invent local identities, to rediscover their unique characters, re-compose the fragments of the
urban fabric, to re-build the sense of community, and to regain
their self-esteem. The motivation is not just economic gain as
tourism or investment, but also cultural and political as well.
Top-down approach, which considers the people as
object of development with little choices, has failed to satisfy the
diverse aspiration of the community and individuals. There were
lots of examples of conservation projects from the past which
disregarded the original community and merely focused into the
physical or commercial aspects of the building. Large segments
of the old urban fabric were taken over by government or
developers, the original inhabitants were evicted, and then the
empty building shells were re-used or converted into commercial
uses – or even worse: the whole old structures were razed to the
ground, then replaced by totally new functions and new buildings.
Various
community
movements
and
non-government
organizations are mushrooming in different places across the
regions to rebuild the community ties, to heal social and racial
divisions, to regain control over their own aspirations, and to
protect their own heritages. To strengthen their efforts, various
heritage organizations and movements have formed alliances and
networks, and even partnerships with government institutions.
International organizations actively supported them – as individual
groups or through the networks – to empower these alliances. We
have gradually abandoned the top-down or bottom-up
approaches, and moved towards promoting a more equal
partnerships and cooperation among different stake-holders.
In 2003 UNESCO Asia Pacific Awards for Culture
Heritage Conservation gives a Merit award to Virtuous Bridge
project in Medan, Indonesia. This project is initiated by Sumatra
Heritage Trust. Albeit the object itself is simple and looked small,
but this restoration project has given great contribution towards
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
the healing process of social divisions which lingered for more
than three decades in Indonesian urban communities including
Medan. It stands as a moving testimony to the unprecedented
cooperation between the multi-racial multi-religious residents,
businesses, and government agencies. The restoration process is
based on careful historical research, rediscovering the forgotten
role and legacy of the city’s founding fathers and harmonious
inter-racial relationship in the past. The bridge becomes a vehicle
to uncover an important chapter in their shared history and to
awaken a new consciousness about their local heritage. The
newly restored bridge has become a unique symbol of the city’s
multicultural cosmopolitan legacy, and a model for future
community-initiated efforts in conserving local heritages
throughout the region.
Figure 4. Virtuous Bridge, Medan, Indonesia
The city is a sum of the memory of the people, the
accumulation of creative contributions of its community all along
its historical timeline. It is materialized in urban patterns,
architectural objects and other artifacts – passed from the past
generation to the present generation as heritage, in the form of
urban tradition. A person is part of a family, and a family is part of
the community. The experience of the individuals are shared by
the community, and embedded into the collective memory of the
inhabitants of that particular place. Locality or “home” is
supposedly the most important place for every human being,
where they feel secured, contented, and proud of. We can
associate home with a house, a neighborhood, a district, a city, or
even a country. Sense of home is formed through process of
familiarization, when a person becomes accustomed to the
articulation of space by inhabitation. The daily ritual of living,
working, and playing – which constitutes the ordinary life of a
person – shapes his or her cognition and affection towards the
built forms and space.
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International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
We have come into the realization that the survival of the
human race and humanity depends on how well we look after the
environment, and how good we maintain harmonious
relationships with the others. Ecological-, economic-, social-,
cultural- sustainability becomes our main concern nowadays, to
ensure continuity from the past into the future. Conservation,
preservation, restoration, revitalization efforts of our material and
living heritages are aimed towards the community cultural
continuum. We are obliged to prolong the lifecycle of those
heritages for the sake of the future generation, to ensure the link
with their roots and the transmission of memory from the past into
the future. In doing so, it is essential to form a civic coalition, a
community network and alliance among all stake holders, to
maintain a balance between conservation and development, and
to ensure an orderly and healthy evolution of the built
environment and its community who lives within it.
Time factor is crucial. Familiarity of the ordinary develops
over time from infancy into maturity. Sometimes it needs several
generations to ensure maturity and familiarity until it is rooted into
the collective memory. In the contemporary “fast-food” and instant
culture, things change very fast, including the built environment.
Immediate enjoyment and instant gratification have pushed rapid
changes and amnesia, discontinuity and total detachment from
the past. Demolition, redevelopment, rebuilding, become the
order of the day. We should return to the “slow-food” mode, to
allow the “fermentation” process to develop naturally. By slowing
down the process of change, we will allow time to reconnect the
past with the present, to allow maturity process to happen again,
and to cure the loss of memory.
The architecture of our cosmopolitan cities has many
layers: morphological, sociological, and symbolical (form,
function, and meaning). It is in the intersection of many disciplines
from art to science, from philosophy to engineering. Therefore
inter-disciplinary approach is necessary in this complex and interrelated matter. To ensure continuity and sustainability we need to
empower the ordinary members of the community through
training and
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
The Knowledge City:
Spirit, Character and Manifestation
13th-14th NOVEMBER 2007
MEDAN – INDONESIA
Scientific Committee:
Abdul Ghani Bin Saleh, Prof., BE, Bsc, PhD. (USM)
Julaihi Bin Wahid, Assoc. Prof., BArch, MArch , PhD. (USM)
Gunawan Tjahjono, Prof., Ir., MArch, PhD. (UI)
Alip Bin Rahim, Assoc. Prof., Bsc, MSc, PhD.(USM)
Tjuk Kuswartojo, Ir. (ITB)
Edited by:
Morida Siagian, Ir., MURP
Syamsul Bahri, Ir., MT
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia, Ir., M.Sc
Basaria Talarosha, Ir., MT
Imam Faisal Pane, ST., MT
Novrial, Ir., M. Eng
Salmina Wati Ginting, ST., MT
Beny O.Y. Marpaung ST, MT
Published by:
Departement of Architecture
University of Sumatera Utara
Medan-Indonesia
i
USU Press
Art Design, Publishing & Printing
Gedung F
Jl. Universitas No. 9, Kampus USU
Medan, Indonesia
Telp. 061-8213737; Fax 061-8213737
Kunjungi kami di:
http://usupress.usu.ac.id
07
Hak cipta dilindungi oleh undang-undang; dilarang memperbanyak, menyalin,
merekam sebagian atau seluruh bagian buku ini dalam bahasa atau bentuk
apapun tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit.
ISBN: 979 458 313 8
Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT)
Proceeding International Seminar The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character, and
Manifestation 13th-14th November 2007. Medan--Indonesia; Edited by Morida
Siagian [et.al]--Medan: USU Press, 2007
xvi, 483 p.: ilus.: 24
Bibliografi
ISBN: 979-458- 313-8
Dicetak di Medan, Indonesia
ii
List of Contributors
No.
1.
Name
Agus Budi Purnomo
Nationality
Indonesia
2.
Ari Rahadini
Indonesia
3.
Arya Ronald
Indonesia
4.
Astuti
Indonesia
5.
6.
Azizah Hanim Nasution
Budi Arlius Putra
Indonesia
Indonesia
7.
Dedes Nur Gandarum
Indonesia
8.
Dhani Mutiari
Indonesia
9.
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia
Indonesia
10.
E. Edwards Mckinnon
Singapore
11.
12.
Galih Widjil Pangarsa
Gerarda Orbita Ida Cahyandari
Indonesia
Indonesia
Organisation
Trisakti University Research Center : Jalan
Kiai Tapa, Grogol, Jakarta Barat;
Telp.0215663232 ext 141-144; Email:
agusbudi@dnet.net.id
Majoring in Architecture , Civil and
Structural Engineering Department,
Semarang State University, Kampus
Sekaran Gedung E2 Lantai 1
Gunungpati, Semarang, Central Java,
Indonesia; Phone. (024) 8508102; Fax.
(024) 8508102;
Email: ayik12@yahoo.com;
Home address: Srondol Bumi Indah K14,
Semarang;
Mobile phone: 08562668344
Department of Architecture and Planning,
Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada
University, Jl. Grafika 2, Yogyakarta 55281;
Email: aryaronald@ugm.ac.id,
arya211143@yahoo.co.id,
aryaronald@yahoo.com;
Mobile phone: 08156887829
Research Centre for Human Settlement;
Bukit Idaman Kav 72 Bandung 40142;
Phone: 022 2002144 (Home); (Mobile):
0816616751; Email:
sasti@bdg.centrin.net.id
Email : adeanasti@yahoo.com
Pengurus Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia Daerah
Jambi, Pegawai PU Kabupaten Bungo,
Dosen Luar Biasa FT UNBARI Jambi, Jl.
Slamet Riyadi, Jambi 36122
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Planning Trisakti
University, Jl. Kiai Tapa no.1 Grogol,
Jakarta Barat 11440;
Tel/Fax 021 5684643; Email:
Dedesng@yahoo.com
Department of Architecture, Engineering
Faculty of Surakarta Muhammadiyah
University ; Email:
dhani_mutiari@yahoo.com
Magister Architecture of Engineering,
School of Postgraduate Study, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia;
Email : citina @ indosat.net.id
Asia Research Institute, NUS;
Email:
Email : galih.wp@gmail.com
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, AtmaJaya Yogyakarta
University; Jl. Babarsari 44, Yogyakarta
55281; Tel.(0274) 487711 ext.1153; Email:
idach@mail.uajy.ac.id
iii
13.
Handinoto
Indonesia
14.
15.
16.
Hendaru Sadyadharma
Henry Sitorus
Hinijati Widjaja
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
17.
18.
19.
Dr., Huzili Hussin
Ida I. Gede Raka
I Made Benyamin
Malaysia
Indonesia
Indonesia
20.
Dr. Izaidin Abd. Majid
Malaysia
21.
Irwansyah Harahap
Indonesia
22.
23.
24.
Jansen H. Sinamo
Johannes Widodo
Laksmi Gondokusumo
Siregar
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
25.
Lita Nasution
Indonesia
26.
L. Edhi Prasetya
Indonesia
27.
Prof. Dr. Mohd. Taib Hj. Dora
Malaysia
iv
Departement of Architecture, Faculty of
Civil Engineering and Planning, Petra
Christian University, Jl. Siwalankerto 142144, Gd. P. LT 6, Surabaya 60236;
Telp (031) 8439040, 8494830-31, 2983372;
FAX. (031) 8417658; Email:
handinot@peter.petra.ac.id
Email : hendarusadyadharma@yahoo.com
Email : sitorhen@yahoo.com
Lecturer of Landscape Architecture Trisakti
University Indonesia ,Address: Jl. Kenari I
A 6/ 22 Pondok Sejahtera Tangerang
15000 Indonesia; Telephone and fax:
Office (62 -021) 5663232 and Fax : 0215602575; Mobile (62-021) 70105039;
Email: hinijatiwidjaja@plasa.com
Email: huzili@unimap.edu.my
Email: raka@bdg.centrin.net.id
Dosen Fakultas Ekonomi, dan Ketua
Program Studi Ekonomi Sumberdaya,
Program Pascasarjana,Universitas
Hasanuddin, Makassar;
Alamat : Jalan Panampu 2, Lr. II, No.A-4,
Makassar, 90211, Sul-Sel; Telp./Fax. :
0411- 453475; Email :
imadebenyamin@yahoo.com
Centre for Languages and Human
Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
Melaka; Karung Berkunci 1200,75450, Ayer
Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia; Tel: 6062333071; Fax: 606-2333144;
Email: izaidin@utem.edu.my
Phone : 08126050625 / 081631163414;
Email : suarasama@yahoo.com
Email : jansensinamo@cbn.net.id
Email : jwidodo@nus.edu.sg
Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Indonesia,
Kampus UI - Depok 16424; Tel. : [021] 786
3512; Fax: [021] 786 3514; Email:
laksmisiregar@yahoo.com
Program Doktor Pengelolaan Sumberdaya
Alam dan Lingkungan SPs USU. Address :
Jln. Karya Setuju No. 22 Medan, Medan.
Telp. (061) 6614021/081361682949
Department of Architecture, Pancasila
University; Jl. Srengseng Sawah,
Jagakarsa, Jakarta Selatan; Telp.(021)
7864730 ext. 15/30; Fax (021) 7270128;
Email: prastyan@yahoo.com
Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia
Locked Bag 1200,Ayer Keroh,
75450 Melaka, Malaysia; Tel: +606 233
3371; Fax: +606 233 3369;
Mobile: +6 012 603 3700 ; Email:
mohdtaib@utem.edu.my
28.
29.
30.
Ir. Mindo Siagian, MSc.
M. Ridwan Kamil
Nurmaidah
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
31.
Nurtati
Indonesia
32.
Ngakan Ketut Acwin
Dwijendra
Indonesia
33.
Qomarun
Indonesia
34.
Rini Raksadjaya
Indonesia
35.
36.
Rudolf Sitorus
Samuel Hartono
Indonesia
Indonesia
37.
38.
Sismudjito
Soni Pratomo
Indonesia
Indonesia
39.
Suharman Hamzah
Indonesia
40.
Suparti Amir Salim
Indonesia
41.
Syafiatun Siregar
Indonesia
42.
Teguh Utomo Atmoko
Indonesia
Email: siagian_mindo@yahoo.co.id
Email: urbane@cbn.net.id
Staf Pengajar Universitas Medan Area;
Email: midah_zizi@yahoo.com
Department of Architecture, Institut
Teknologi Nasional-Bandung; Email:
nts_80@yahoo.com
Lecturer of Engineering Faculty,
Architecture Department, Udayana
University – Bali; Email:
acwindwijendra@yahoo.com
Architecture Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta, Indonesia; Jl. A. Yani Tromol
Pos 1, Kartasura, Surakarta 57171; Phone:
0271-717417 Ext 225; Email:
qomarun@ums.ac.id
Program Studi Arsitektur SAPPK ITB, Jl.
Ganesha 10 Bandung 40191, Lecturer.
Architecture Design Research Group. Ph.
022 2504962; Fax 022 2530706; Email
address: rinirr@rad.net.id
Email : sitorusrudolf@yahoo.com
Departement of Architecture, Faculty of
Civil Engineering and Planning, Petra
Christian University, Jl. Siwalankerto 142144, Gd. P. LT 6, Surabaya 60236;
Telp (031) 8439040, 8494830-31, 2983372;
FAX. (031) 8417658; Email:
samhart@peter.petra.ac.id
Phone : 08163116344
Dosen Tetap Fakultas Teknik Universitas
Batanghari Jambi, Jl. Slamet Riyadi, Jambi
36122; Phone: 0741668280;
Fax:074165598; Alamat: Jl. A. Thalib RT 08
No. 55 Jambi 36124; HP. 08127477535;
Email: sonipratomo@yahoo.com
Construction Management Laboratory, Civil
Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Hasanuddin
University,Makassar, South Sulawesi; Telp.
0411-587636, Fax. 0411-586015; Email:
suharmanhz@yahoo.com
Lecturer, KK-PP / SAPPK-ITB; Prodi
Arsitektur-ITB, Labteks IX, Jl. Ganesa no.
10, Bandung; Phone: (022) 2504 962; Fax:
(022) 2530 705; Home Address: Kopo
Permai III, Blok F12 / 13, Bandung 40239;
HP: 0812 2182 389; Email :
bupar@bdg.centrin.net.id;
bupar@ar.itb.ac.id
Staf pengajar UNIMED;
Email : syafiatunsiregar@yahoo.co.id
Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Indonesia,
Kampus UI - Depok 16424; Tel.: [021] 786
3512; Fax: [021] 786 3514; Email:
tiua552003@yahoo.com
v
43.
Triatno Yudo Harjoko
Indonesia
44.
45.
Wan Burhanuddin
Widiastuti
Malaysia
Indonesia
46.
Wirsal Hasan
Indonesia
47.
Wiwik D Pratiwi
Indonesia
48.
Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto
Indonesia
vi
Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Indonesia,
Kampus UI - Depok 16424; Tel.: [021] 786
3512; Fax: [021] 786 3514; Email:
gotty@eng.ui.ac.id
Email: wburhan@alum.mit.edu
Udayana University, Kampus Bukit
Jimbaran, Bali; Perum Padang Galleria No.
67, Denpasar Bali; Phone: (0361) 734312;
Mobile: (081) 557 669 12; Email:
Wiwied@ar.unud.ac.id dan
syamsul_alam_paturusi@yahoo.fr
Lecture, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat,
Universitas Sumatera Utara; Jl. Universitas
Kampus USU; Program Doktor
Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan
Lingkungan SPs USU; Jl. Mustafa 18
Medan ; Telp. 061-6611627; HP.
0819863979; Email: wirsal@yahoocom
School of Architecture, Planning and Policy
Development
Institut Teknologi Bandung; Alamat :Jl.
Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132; ph.+62 22
2504962 fx.+62 22 2530705;
Email : wdpratiwi@ar.itb.ac.id
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Planning Parahyangan
University; Jalan Sariwangi 14A
Parongpong Kabupaten Bandung; Telp
022-2017932; HP. 08122350359;
Email: jbase@home.unpar.ac.id
Preface
The progress of urban planning and urban design in most textbooks and
seminars in Indonesia has relatively hardly discussed cities from spiritual point
of view. This view is a perspective that goes beyond intellectual and technical
aspects, transcends commercial and economical dimensions, and surpasses
the material and sensorial features.
The spiritual approach has to do with meaning, vision, and values that
held dear by those who are involved in designing a city, and especially for those
who are destined to live there. Spirituality makes us stronger since it’s relating
us to the vital element of this life, more visionary since it’s connecting us with the
glorious dimension of this universe, more affectionate because it’s resonating us
by the loving grace of our Creator – The Great Designer, and wiser because it’s
inspiring us by the wonder of His creation that spread out with enchant.
In this perspective, the work of designing a city – like all other
professions – is a sacred duty or God’s calling for us, not a mere side job, let
alone a ‘rush – rush project’.
The spiritual poverty has brought our cities into the trap of banal egoism
and brutal commercialism that breeds violence and all kinds of urban criminals.
There have been so many cities, very successful in increasing their local
revenues, but very poor in terms of space quality, cultural heritage appreciation,
and respect for people. Developing a city is so often treated as merely drafting a
city plan or urban design, building industrial complexes or business centers and
land expansion or sea reclamation. This phenomenon is getting worse because
of the poor understanding of the spiritual dimension that mentioned above.
The spiritual approach would provide spirit to the knowledge we
commonly use in designing a city. Now, it is not just the knowledge driven by
mathematical intelligence, but also the knowledge that considers even adopts
philosophical and religious concepts, emotion and aspiration understanding, as
well as culture and urban anthropology.
Having understood this new knowledge, then the design process can be
proceed to the making step, that is how a city is made and produced. Without
this knowledge, a city will fail to express something civilized that have a
character laden with spiritual values. A city might functions as a machine of
living, an artefact of culture, a production place, or a social entity. But more than
that, a city should have a character and honour of its own since they are the
reflection of the soul and aspirations of its dwellers. Futhermore, as a cultural
product, a city should be able to facilitate the development and growth of its
people behaviour towards nobility.
This seminar is held for those noble purposes. With colleagues from all
fields of knowledge, we collect ideas, concepts, and experiences to develop and
spread the idea of “knowledge city “ wishing the idea of this seminar can
donate the discourse of urban planning which finally improve the quality of
human life.
vii
We welcome you, share your ideas and hope what we have done with all
our heart will be heard with heart. Thank you.
The organizing comitee of International Seminar “The Knowledge City: Spirit,
Character, and Manifestation”,
Departemen Arsitektur Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan - Indonesia
viii
Programme
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ‘The Knowledge City:
Spirit, Character, and Manifestation’
Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
DAY 1 : Tuesday, 13th November 2007
08.00 – 08.30
08.30 – 09.00
09.00 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.00
10.00 – 10.45
10.45 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.30
13.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 15.00
15.00 – 15.30
15.30 – 16.00
16.15 – 17.00
17.00 – 17.30
Registration
Welcoming Speeches:
Chairman
: Morida Siagian, Ir , MURP
Rector of University of Sumatra Utara
: Chairuddin P. Lubis, Prof., DTM & H, SpAK
Governour of North Sumatera Province
: Rudolf Pardede, Drs.
Key Note Speech: Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X
Coffee Break
Presentations of Invited Speeches (1)
10.00 – 10.15
Johannes Widodo, Dr.
10.15 – 10.30
Jansen H. Sinamo
10.30 – 10.45
Galih Widjil Pangarsa, Dr.
Moderator : Abdul Ghani Bin Saleh, Prof., BE, Bsc, PhD.
Discussion Time
Lunch Break
Presentations of Invited Speeches (2)
13.30 – 13.45
Wan Burhanuddin, Prof.
13.45 – 14.00
Ida I. Gede Raka, Prof. Dr.
Moderator : Julaihi Bin Wahid, Assoc. Prof., BArch, MArch , PhD.
Discussion Time
Coffee Break
Presentations of Invited Speeches (3)
15.30 – 15.45
M. Ridwan Kamil, ST. MUD.
15.45 – 16.00
Rudolf Sitorus, Ir. MLA.
16.00 – 16.15
Irwansyah Harahap, MA.
Moderator : Rithaony Hutajulu, MA.
Discussion Time
Resume
ix
DAY 2 : Wednesday, 14th November 2007
Paralel session “Call for Paper”
Member will be divide become 2 parallel groups with schedule
below:
08.30 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
Registration
“Call for Papers”
09.00 – 09.15
Group II
Topological Comparison of
Palace City of Mataram
and Aceh in the 17th
Century
Agus Budi Purnomo
Jogjakarta and
Cakranegara: An Initial
Study on Two Capitals of
the Last Kingdoms in the
Archipelago (Until the 18th
Century) Which were
Designed Based on the
Local Traditional City
Planning
Handinoto and Samuel
Hartono
Re-Emphasize Urban
Linkage Continuity as An
Effort for Conservating
Panggung Krapyak
Yogyakarta
L. Edhi Prasetya, Dharma
Widya
Transformation of Spiritual
Concepts in Urban Space
Widiastuti
09.15 – 09.30
Symbolism: The
Configuration of A City
Arya Ronald
09.30 – 09.45
Civic Buildings and Public
Places as Reflection of the
Human Spirit of
Togetherness
Teguh Utomo Atmoko
Discussion
Transformation of
Classical Chinese City
Planning: Case on
Surakarta and Bandung
Dhani Mutiari, Nurtati
09.45 – 10.00
10.00 – 10.15
x
Group I
10.15 – 10.30
An Organism Named Solo
(The Concept of City as
Genetics)
Qomarun and Arya Ronald
10.30 – 10.45
The Influence of Cultural
Sensitivity Toward Human
Development Ecosystem
Astuti
Discussion
The Existence of Balinese
Traditional Culture Value
on Denpasar City
Development
Ngakan Ketut Acwin
Dwijendra
A Study on Residential
Preference in Suburban
Areas of Medan, Case
Study: Kelurahan Gedung
Johor Kecamatan Medan
Johor Kota Medan and
Kelurahan
Delitua
Kecamatan Namorambe
Kabupaten Deli Serdang
Syafiatun Siregar
Characteristics Study
Resident Living of Slum
Settlement on River Bank,
Case Study: Asahan River,
Tanjung Balai, North
Sumatera
Nurmaidah
10.45– 11.00
11.00 – 11.15
Discussion
City as A Human
Development Ecosystem:
Exploring the
Characteristics of An
Entrepreneurial Region
Izaidin Abdul Majid, Mohd.
Taib Dora, Prof. Dr.,
Kamariah Ismail, Dr., Huzili
Hussin.
Invaluable Cultural
Heritage at Risk: An
Appeal for the
Conservation of Important
Archaeological Sites at
Kota Cina & Deli Tua
E. Edwards Mckinnon
The Relation of Urban
Ecology of Symbolism in
Morphology (City Shape
and Structure) of
Semarang City
Ari Rahadini
Discussion
Discussion
Bandung Colonial City
Revisited
Rini Raksadjaya
The Jambinese Melayu
Settlement Pattern
Soni Pratomo, Budi Arlius
Putra
Urban Ecology
Lita Nasution
Pembangunan Perumahan
dan Permukiman Nasional:
Permasalahan, Harapan
dan Tantangan
Mindo Siagian
Urban Social Diversity,
Urban Self Image, and
Inquiry Paradigm
Approach
Dedes Nur Gandarum
Understanding the
Dualism in City Planning
Laksmi Gondokusumo
Siregar
13.45 – 14.00
Discussion
Discussion
14.00 – 14.15
City as An Urban Social
Diversity: A Case Study of
Rukun Tetangga in Kuala
Lumpur and Selangor
Prof. Dr. Mohd. Taib Hj.
Dora, Dr. Izaidin Abd. Majid,
Dr. Raja Roslan Raja Abd.
Rahman, Norliah Kudus,
Zawiah Mat, Noor Maslian
Othman
Identification of
Denunciating Consumers
to Developer After Housing
The Knowledge City:
Whose Knowledge? A
Case Study of Jakarta
Triatno Yudo Harjoko
11.15– 11.30
11.30 – 11.45
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.15
11.45 – 12.00
Lunch Break
“Call for
Papers”
13.00 – 13.15
13.15 – 13.30
13.30 – 13.45
14.15 – 14.30
Community’s Green
Behavior Management to
Sustainable City
Azizah Hanim Nasution and
Hendaru Sadyadharma
Historical Background of
City Establishment and
Some Problems
Underlying Its
Development Process
Sismudjito
Discussion
Design as An Instrument
to Improve the Quality Life
of the Poor: Issues for
Research
Suparti Amir Salim
Materializing
Environmentally Oriented
City*
xi
14.30 – 15.00
15.00 – 15.15
15.15 – 15.30
15.30 – 15.45
15.45 – 16.00
16.15 – 16.30
16.30
xii
16.00 – 16.15
Reviewings
& Conclusion
Closing The
Seminar
Take Over
Suharman Hamzah
Understanding Urban
Kampong in Indonesian
Urbanity, Case Study:
Kampongs in the City
Center of Bandung
Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto
Discussion
Gated Community as A
Social Segregation in
Housing Estate in Medan
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia
Traditional Fort of Keraton
Yogyakarta and Sacred
Axis Influenced Social and
Political Development in
Colonial and Modern
Period
Gerarda Orbita Ida
Cahyandari
Functional Transformation
in Fort of Yogyakarta
Palace, A Case of
Occupying Adaptability in
Historical Area
Dina Poerwoningsih and
Pindo Tutuko
I Made Benyamin
Discussion
Discussion
Multicultural Heritages in
A City as Productive
Tourism Places
Wiwik D Pratiwi
Discussion
Spirit Acculturation of
Tangerang City Existence
Hinijati Widjaja
Slum Area on Deli River
Bank
Wirsal Hasan and Edhy
Mirwandono
Contents
Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Introduction
Programme
Contents
iii
vii
viii
ix
xiii
Part One: THE KNOWLEDGE CITY: SPIRIT, CHARACTER,
AND MANIFESTATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Cosmopolitan Spirit and its Manifestation in Southeast
Asian Cities
Johannes Widodo
Manusia, Kota dan Etos Pembangunan
Jansen H. Sinamo
Towards A Nusantara City
Galih Widjil Pangarsa
The Production of Knowledge City
Wan Burhanuddin
Developing City with Character: What A University Can Do?,
Case of Indonesia
Ida I. Gede Raka
Alam, Meramu Kota: Spice Creates the Space
Rudolf Sitorus
Huta dan Kota: Apa Maknanya untuk Kita?
Irwansyah Harahap
1
13
22
34
57
65
74
Part Two: CITY AS A COSMIC SYMBOLISM
8.
Topological Comparison of Palace City of Mataram and Aceh in
the 17th Century
Agus Budi Purnomo
9. Symbolism: The Configuration of A City
Arya Ronald
10. Jogjakarta and Cakranegara: An Initial Study on Two Capitals
of the Last Kingdoms in the Archipelago (Until the 18 th Century)
Which were Designed Based on the Local Traditional City
Planning
Handinoto and Samuel Hartono
11. Re-Emphasize Urban Linkage Continuity as An Effort for
Conservating Panggung Krapyak Yogyakarta
L. Edhi Prasetya, Dharma Widya
91
100
114
130
xiii
Part Three: CITY AS A SPIRITUAL MANISFESTATION
12. Civic Buildings and Public Places as Reflection of the Human
Spirit of Togetherness
Teguh Utomo Atmoko
13. Transformation of Classical Chinese City Planning: Case on
Surakarta and Bandung
Dhani Mutiari, Nurtati Soewarno
14. Transformation of Spiritual Concepts in Urban Space
Widiastuti
15. The Existence of Balinese Traditional Culture Value on
Denpasar City Development
Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra
143
151
162
178
Part Four: CITY AS A HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ECOSYSTEM
16. An Organism Named Solo (The Concept of City as Genetics)
Qomarun and Arya Ronald
17. The Influence of Cultural Sensitivity Toward Human
Development Ecosystem
Astuti
18. City as A Human Development Ecosystem: Exploring the
Characteristics of An Entrepreneurial Region
Izaidin Abdul Majid, Mohd. Taib Dora, Prof. Dr., Kamariah Ismail,
Dr., Huzili Hussin.
19. Invaluable Cultural Heritage at Risk: An Appeal for the
Conservation of Important Archaeological Sites at Kota Cina &
Deli Tua
E. Edwards Mckinnon
20. The Relation of Urban Ecology of Symbolism in Morphology
(City Shape and Structure) of Semarang City
Ari Rahadini
21. The Jambinese Melayu Settlement Pattern
Soni Pratomo, Budi Arlius Putra
22. Pembangunan Perumahan dan Permukiman Nasional:
Permasalahan, Harapan dan Tantangan
Mindo Siagian
23. A Study on Residential Preference in Suburban Areas of
Medan, Case Study: Kelurahan Gedung Johor Kecamatan
Medan Johor Kota Medan and Kelurahan Delitua Kecamatan
Namorambe Kabupaten Deli Serdang
Syafiatun Siregar
24. Characteristics Study Resident Living of Slum Settlement on
River Bank, Case Study: Asahan River, Tanjung Balai, North
Sumatera
Nurmaidah
xiv
193
206
217
230
239
252
252
265
279
25. Bandung Colonial City Revisited
Rini Raksadjaya
26. Community’s Green Behavior Management to Sustainable City
Azizah Hanim Nasution and Hendaru Sadyadharma
27. Historical Background of City Establishment and Some
Problems Underlying Its Development Process
Sismudjito
28. Urban Ecology
Lita Nasution
289
297
306
313
Part Five: CITY AS AN URBAN SOCIAL DIVERSITY
29. Urban Social Diversity, Urban Self Image, and Inquiry Paradigm
Approach
Dedes Nur Gandarum
30. City as An Urban Social Diversity: A Case Study of Rukun
Tetangga in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor
Prof. Dr. Mohd. Taib Hj. Dora, Dr. Izaidin Abd. Majid, Dr. Raja
Roslan Raja Abd. Rahman, Norliah Kudus, Zawiah Mat, Noor
Maslian Othman
31. Identification of Denunciating Consumers to Developer After
Housing Take Over
Suharman Hamzah
32. Understanding Urban Kampong in Indonesian Urbanity, Case
Study: Kampongs in the City Center of Bandung
Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto
33. Gated Community as A Social Segregation in Housing Estate in
Medan
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia
34. Traditional Fort of Keraton Yogyakarta and Sacred Axis
Influenced Social and Political Development in Colonial and
Modern Period
Gerarda Orbita Ida Cahyandari
35. Understanding the Dualism in City Planning
Laksmi Gondokusumo Siregar
36. Design as An Instrument to Improve the Quality Life of the
Poor: Issues for Research
Suparti Amir Salim
37. The Knowledge City: Whose Knowledge? A Case Study of
Jakarta
Triatno Yudo Harjoko
38. Materializing Environmentally Oriented City*
I Made Benyamin
39. Multicultural Heritages in A City as Productive Tourism Places
Wiwik D Pratiwi
40. Spirit Acculturation of Tangerang City Existence
Hinijati Widjaja
321
334
346
354
366
379
390
397
407
425
438
454
xv
41. Slum Area on Deli River Bank
Wirsal Hasan and Edhy Mirwandono
42. Unctional Transformation In Fort of Yogyakarta Palace, A Case
of Occupying Adaptability in Historical Area
Dina Poerwoningsih and Pindo Tutuko
xvi
461
473
Part One:
THE KNOWLEDGE CITY:
SPIRIT, CHARACTER, AND
MANIFESTATION
International Seminar: The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character,
and Manifestation, Medan, 13th - 14th November 2007
THE COSMOPOLITAN SPIRIT AND ITS
MANIFESTATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITIES:
THE RISE, THE FALL, AND THE REVIVAL
Dr. Johannes Widodo
Department of Architecture & Asia Research Institute (Asian Cities Cluster)
4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566, Republic of Singapore
jwidodo@nus.edu.sg
Abstract
Southeast Asian cities have been developing since the
beginning of the first century around the “Mediterranean of Asia”,
where great civilizations mingled, interchanged, and mixed,
creating locals and yet interrelated Cosmopolitan hybrid culture in
both intangible and tangible forms. This harmonious coexistence
and its coherent manifestations in the built forms were the
character of our Southeast Asian cities, continuously sustained
even during the long period of European imperialistic rule with
their divisive politics – although seeds of fragmentations and
conflicts had been sown onto the cities and regions since the
beginning of their arrival in our coastal cities. The segregation,
fragmentation, and contestation in our cities have been intensified
since the end of Second World War, when Modernism is being
used as vehicle for the Nationalism, Socialism, and Rationalism
spirit against the dying old Colonialism, especially during the Cold
War period. Ironically the Modernist idealism to liberate the city
and its population was failed to deliver good results: the cities
become a harsh place for contestation and conflict between the
rich and the poor, the formal and the informal, the powerful and
the powerless. Across Asia, the conflict is getting worse today.
Conservation, Preservation, and Revitalization of urban heritage
have become increasingly important today, in order to retain and
to revive the inclusiveness and cohesiveness of cosmopolitan
spirit. Perhaps it is the only hope for us to reverse the destructive
forces in our cities today. We may use it to stop the erasure of
memory, to bridge the gaps between communities, to connect
fragments of the city, to rebuild the cohesive community spirit,
and to make a city a better and sustainable place for present and
future generations.
A. The Rise of Southeast Asian Cosmopolitan Cities
Located right at the cross-road of world trading routes,
Southeast Asia has been very open towards various influences
from outside: India, Arab, Persia, China, Europe, Japan, and the
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rest of the world. All of those influences were peacefully and
harmoniously absorbed and adopted into local culture, then
expressed into unique but yet closely linked culture, language,
architecture, and artifacts. Diverse, eclectic, fused, adaptive,
tolerant, inclusive, integrative, can perhaps describe the complex
nature of Southeast Asian architecture and urbanism.
At the dawn of Southeast Asian urban maritime civilization,
the vessels from the north (China, Japan, and Ryukyu) sailing to
the south made use of the northern monsoon between JanuaryFebruary, and returning home by the southern monsoon between
June-August. Indian and Arab ships went eastward by the
southwest monsoon between April-August, and returned by the
northeast monsoon from December. During the cyclone periods
or the changing monsoon seasons, these traders stayed in
Southeast Asian ports and inhabited the markets, while waiting
for their trading partners from the other parts of the world.
These exchanges took place mostly in and around the
South China Sea, Java Sea, and Melaka Strait – which could be
perceived as the “Mediterranean of Asia” – lying between two
great sub-continents (China and India), and between two great
oceans (Pacific and Indian). Since the first century the coastal
regions and their hinterlands therefore became fertile grounds for
the growth of new civilizations, new blends of urbanism and
architecture, new settlements and cities. They are formed by
complex layers of various cultures, ideologies, economies, and
ecosystems (e.g. native-vernacular, Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic,
Chinese, Colonial, Modernist, Nationalist, Communist, Corporate,
etc.), manifested in the hybrid urban morphology and architectural
typologies. Southeast Asian urban societies and cities are
characterized by rich cultural collage/interweaving of community
diversity, hybridity in the built-forms and material culture,
persistence and permanence of urban patterns and artifacts.
The city is like a boat or a vessel, loaded by people, goods,
activities, rituals, and symbolism – a vessel of civilization sailing
across history, from the past heading towards the future. The
trading ships and immigrant boats were not only carrying people
and goods, but also conveying cosmological and geometrical
memories from its original places into the new landscapes,
implanting new layers in the new lands. The different layers from
different cultures have been super-imposed, adapted, and
undergone process of indigenization along its history, forming a
truly blended cosmopolitan urban morphology and culture,
manifested in the myriad of forms and artifacts in different
localities.
In 1980s, Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana – an Indonesian
esteemed scholar – proposed a geographical term for this
dynamic region, that is “Bumantara” (literally means “region in
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between”), located at the centre of international maritime,
commerce, and exchange corridors. It was continuously shaped
and enriched by Indian, Islamic, Chinese, and European cultural
layers and elements – constantly nurtured and developed along
its history.
Mediterranean of Asia
Figure 1. Mediterranean of Asia (image source: Google Earth)
In Southeast Asia cultural and geographical “boundary” is
always blurring, overlapping, or intersecting, and has never been
clearly defined. People in different places, islands or continents
are keep moving, communicating, and intermingling from past till
present, influencing each other and producing hybrid, fused,
diverse architecture and material culture. Diversity, eclecticism,
fusion, acculturation, adaptation, can perhaps describe the nature
of Southeast Asian architecture and urbanism from the past into
the present and future. Never ending process of layering,
transformations, and hybridization, is probably the best to
describe its dynamic and sustainable characters. For more than
two millenniums of its urban history, many cities in Southeast
Asian region have been demonstrating their ability in preserving
its primary elements and basic morphological patterns, and by
this is clearly demonstrating its tangible and intangible traces and
connections along transformation process.
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B. Fragmentation of Contemporary Southeast Asian Cities
Modernization is not developed in a vacuum, but in
different aspects of specific contexts – natural, environmental,
social, cultural, physical, and historical. Modernization is a
structural process in formal, environmental and cultural sense. It
is a continuous social-cultural process of transplantation,
adjustment,
adaptation,
accommodation,
assimilation,
hybridization, and materialization – manifested in the myriad
forms architectural production and reproduction. In Southeast
Asia – the ancient and the modern, the Asian and the non-Asian,
have mingled and merged for centuries producing multi-layered
and wealthy variations of living architecture, which evolved and
developed from the past into the future. Diversity, variety,
unpredictability, all of this is the basic nature of Southeast Asian
urban culture and its materialization for centuries.
The Europeans has started to expand their hegemonic
ambition since late 15th century, initiated by the Portuguese (to
India, Melaka, Java, eastern Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan,
Japan), followed by the Dutch (to India, Melaka, Indonesia,
Taiwan, Japan), British (to India, Malaya peninsula, Bengkulu,
Java, China), Spanish (Philippines), French (to Indochina, China),
and German (to China). They introduced many new typologies
into the urban infrastructures, urban design, and architecture,
such as boulevards, streetscapes, façade, building techniques,
and new functions (military establishments, public buildings,
churches, urban squares and plazas, markets, railroads, stations,
plantation houses, and many more).
Initially the Europeans built the fortified trading posts in the
existing port cities as their first strongholds in Southeast Asia. It
was located on the most strategic place in preexisted city, near
the old harbor and market right at the river mouth, easily
accessible from the sea. The reason for this was to have an
effective control over the whole city inward. The fort made of
masonry structure was aimed to protect the European dwelling
compounds and warehouses inside, and in most cases the forts
were equipped with defense towers and military barracks. The
pre-existed city outside the trading post generally had the
characteristic of a cosmopolitan town consisted of a developed
Chinese area well connected to the native settlements or
enclaves by the market. The Chinese had been the main player in
the regional and domestic market, and soon they built a mutual
relationship with the European traders as middlemen. The
Chinese acted as the mediator between the European and the
other population groups.
When the European had managed to secure their position
and started to extend their hegemony, the trading post was soon
replaced by larger castle with European typology, surrounded by
moat and armed with large guns. The castle would be enlarged
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when the European population increased, and they had enough
strength to control the other population groups. In addition to
residential function, the castle also had military function to defend
themselves, to threaten the city and other enemies, and for the
base for territorial expansion. European type town was built inside
this large castle, completed with a church, open central square,
administration and military buildings, warehouses, and dwellings.
It looked like a medieval European walled town but with more
military personnel, more commercial functions, and less civilian
population. Outside the castle normal urban activities of the preexisting city went on and even further enhanced by the rising
international commercial activities. The harbor facility would soon
be upgraded, accommodating the rising export of commodities
to Europe.
Figure 2. Sociologic model of Melaka (Malaysia)
in 18th-19th centuries (©jw)
In the colonial cities of the later period, segregation policy
of dwelling areas according to different races was implemented
almost in all colonial cities of Southeast Asia. By law the urban
population was racially and their settlements were physically
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segregated: European, Chinese and other foreigners, and native
population. Normally there was no clear physical boundary which
separated the different racial zones, although in some cases
there were rivers, walls, or roads which functioned as the physical
boundaries. Nonetheless the non-physical legal boundaries had
caused internal densification process within each restricted zones
especially on the ethnic quarters. The over-densification would in
turn lead into the environmental disasters and public health
deteriorations of the whole city. The European area was allowed
to develop freely to all directions. But the deterioration of urban
environmental condition had forced the municipality governments
to abandon their restrictive policy and to launch improvement
programs in urban sanitation and utilities for the benefit of all
population groups. On the other hand the European area freely
developed and expanded, forming elegant European-style city in
the tropics. But the worsening environmental condition had forced
the colonial municipality governments to abandon their
segregation policy, and launched housing and infrastructure
improvement programs in inner cities.
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, rapid
modernization process had been taken place, started by the
revolution on transportation and urban infrastructure, in order to
cope with the rapid population, commerce, and industrial growth.
Transportation revolution, started by the construction of railroads
followed by the introduction of automobiles and the construction
of wider roads had opened all isolations and breaking up physical
segregations. In a very short period of time the technological
revolutions in many aspect of daily life such as electricity, gas,
telephone and telegraph, newspapers, banks, post office, public
transportation, etc. had transformed the colonial towns into a
more modern and functional cities. The rationality of function and
the logic of economy had gradually replaced the politically and
culturally motivated racial policy in the planning and design of
Southeast Asian cities. Municipal governments introduced
building codes and regulations, in order to improve sanitation
condition and public safety in the inner city. New building typology
had been introduced and old building typology was improved
following the new regulations to provide pedestrian arcades, open
backyard with utility functions, fire escape, etc.
In early twentieth century the colonial governments’
policies shifted to a more ethical approach towards their colonies,
parallel to the rise of ethics and socialist movements in Europe.
New housing areas were planned and developed inside and
around the city, to accommodate the rapid increase of urban
population. Infrastructure and housing improvement programs
were implemented to improve the well being of all segments of
the urban population.
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Figure 3. Morphologic model of Semarang (Indonesia)
in early 20th century (©jw)
Harbors were enlarged or upgraded, some industrial
estates were developed, and the central business districts in the
city centers were rejuvenated. Trade fairs were organized to
accommodate the rapid growth in local and international
commerce and trade. Many fresh ideas from modern urban
planners and architects were manifested into city plans, urban
designs, and architectural styles – blended with the elements
from the local, natural and cultural contexts. The port cities in
Southeast Asia had grown up to the level similar to other modern
port cities in the world of that period. Some cities across
Southeast Asia such as Penang, Singapore, Medan, Batavia,
Semarang, Surabaya, Makassar, and Manila were linked to the
modern international maritime trade networks and developed into
the major regional growth and distribution centers.
A lot of idealism and hopes were put into the
transformation and the future of the cities in Southeast Asia, but
the global economic recession and the World Wars which raged
in the first half of twentieth century had terminated these dreams.
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New political movements for independence and urban riots
against the colonial establishments had proliferated all over the
region. The economic recession and social-political instability had
stopped some urban development projects and had left many
parts of the city deteriorating and dilapidating. The Second World
War and the invasion of Japanese Imperial army to East Asia and
Southeast Asia gave the final blow to end the colonialism history
in Southeast Asia, and changed the course of urban history and
morphology of this region. Almost 300 years of European
colonization history had to come to an end. A new chapter of the
Southeast Asian urban history would soon begin to emerge, riding
the waves of decolonization and the spirit of national
independence.
Soon after the War newly independent countries were
appearing across Southeast Asia. For around two to three
decades since 1945, the countries in Southeast Asia were
struggling to overcome the past legacies of colonialism – such as
divisions and poverty - and at the same time trying very hard to
re-build the nation politically, socially, economically, and
physically. During the so-called “Cold War” period between 19451965, especially after the 1st Afro-Asia Conference in Bandung in
1956, in the newly independence nations of Asia (“new emerging
forces”) new architectural manifestations using the Modernist’s
International Style language were applied across Asia (e.g.
Soekarno’s Indonesia, Nehru’s India, Sihanouk’s Cambodia, Ho
Chi Minh’s Vietnam, etc.) as tangible sign of breaking away from
the colonial past.
Since the economic boom (following the “oil boom”)
around the 70s and 80s, rapid economic growth has accelerated
the cultural and physical transformation process, very often
leading to the fragmentation and destruction of old urban fabrics
and architectural heritages, resulting in “cultural amnesia” and
loss of identity. The layers of urban history and shared heritages
which kept the shared memory of the whole community for many
generations and centuries had been forgotten and even erased
completely, to be replaced with totally new forms alien to the long
lasting pre-existing cultural and morphological contexts. In many
contemporary Southeast Asian countries, many fine buildings
from the colonial period and historical urban fabric have been
being destroyed because of anti-colonialism sentiment or to give
way to the speculative and commercially motivated
developments. The urban communities and academics in Asia
are often powerless and clueless in facing the fragmentation and
rapid transformation of their cities. The long standing culturally
sustainable in Southeast Asia is undergoing very serious threat.
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C. Restoring and Reinventing the Cosmopolitan Spirit of
Our Cities
The current trend of internationalization and reductionism
has caused alienation, conflict, amnesia, and loss of identity in
different cities, not only in the developed world but also in the
newly independent countries. In the current age of economic
globalization, trans-national consumerism, and the emergence of
global culture, the city is physically fragmented, socially divided,
and spiritually dried. Cities became look alike, because of similar
design, similar fast-food outlets, similar brand-name shops, and
similar urban culture. The contrasts between the formal and
informal urban social fabrics, between core and peripheries,
between big cities and rural settlements, are widening and often
conflicting. These negative trends have triggered reactions in
different levels of society, from governments to local communities.
They have similar intentions to re-invent local identities, to rediscover their unique characters, re-compose the fragments of the
urban fabric, to re-build the sense of community, and to regain
their self-esteem. The motivation is not just economic gain as
tourism or investment, but also cultural and political as well.
Top-down approach, which considers the people as
object of development with little choices, has failed to satisfy the
diverse aspiration of the community and individuals. There were
lots of examples of conservation projects from the past which
disregarded the original community and merely focused into the
physical or commercial aspects of the building. Large segments
of the old urban fabric were taken over by government or
developers, the original inhabitants were evicted, and then the
empty building shells were re-used or converted into commercial
uses – or even worse: the whole old structures were razed to the
ground, then replaced by totally new functions and new buildings.
Various
community
movements
and
non-government
organizations are mushrooming in different places across the
regions to rebuild the community ties, to heal social and racial
divisions, to regain control over their own aspirations, and to
protect their own heritages. To strengthen their efforts, various
heritage organizations and movements have formed alliances and
networks, and even partnerships with government institutions.
International organizations actively supported them – as individual
groups or through the networks – to empower these alliances. We
have gradually abandoned the top-down or bottom-up
approaches, and moved towards promoting a more equal
partnerships and cooperation among different stake-holders.
In 2003 UNESCO Asia Pacific Awards for Culture
Heritage Conservation gives a Merit award to Virtuous Bridge
project in Medan, Indonesia. This project is initiated by Sumatra
Heritage Trust. Albeit the object itself is simple and looked small,
but this restoration project has given great contribution towards
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the healing process of social divisions which lingered for more
than three decades in Indonesian urban communities including
Medan. It stands as a moving testimony to the unprecedented
cooperation between the multi-racial multi-religious residents,
businesses, and government agencies. The restoration process is
based on careful historical research, rediscovering the forgotten
role and legacy of the city’s founding fathers and harmonious
inter-racial relationship in the past. The bridge becomes a vehicle
to uncover an important chapter in their shared history and to
awaken a new consciousness about their local heritage. The
newly restored bridge has become a unique symbol of the city’s
multicultural cosmopolitan legacy, and a model for future
community-initiated efforts in conserving local heritages
throughout the region.
Figure 4. Virtuous Bridge, Medan, Indonesia
The city is a sum of the memory of the people, the
accumulation of creative contributions of its community all along
its historical timeline. It is materialized in urban patterns,
architectural objects and other artifacts – passed from the past
generation to the present generation as heritage, in the form of
urban tradition. A person is part of a family, and a family is part of
the community. The experience of the individuals are shared by
the community, and embedded into the collective memory of the
inhabitants of that particular place. Locality or “home” is
supposedly the most important place for every human being,
where they feel secured, contented, and proud of. We can
associate home with a house, a neighborhood, a district, a city, or
even a country. Sense of home is formed through process of
familiarization, when a person becomes accustomed to the
articulation of space by inhabitation. The daily ritual of living,
working, and playing – which constitutes the ordinary life of a
person – shapes his or her cognition and affection towards the
built forms and space.
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We have come into the realization that the survival of the
human race and humanity depends on how well we look after the
environment, and how good we maintain harmonious
relationships with the others. Ecological-, economic-, social-,
cultural- sustainability becomes our main concern nowadays, to
ensure continuity from the past into the future. Conservation,
preservation, restoration, revitalization efforts of our material and
living heritages are aimed towards the community cultural
continuum. We are obliged to prolong the lifecycle of those
heritages for the sake of the future generation, to ensure the link
with their roots and the transmission of memory from the past into
the future. In doing so, it is essential to form a civic coalition, a
community network and alliance among all stake holders, to
maintain a balance between conservation and development, and
to ensure an orderly and healthy evolution of the built
environment and its community who lives within it.
Time factor is crucial. Familiarity of the ordinary develops
over time from infancy into maturity. Sometimes it needs several
generations to ensure maturity and familiarity until it is rooted into
the collective memory. In the contemporary “fast-food” and instant
culture, things change very fast, including the built environment.
Immediate enjoyment and instant gratification have pushed rapid
changes and amnesia, discontinuity and total detachment from
the past. Demolition, redevelopment, rebuilding, become the
order of the day. We should return to the “slow-food” mode, to
allow the “fermentation” process to develop naturally. By slowing
down the process of change, we will allow time to reconnect the
past with the present, to allow maturity process to happen again,
and to cure the loss of memory.
The architecture of our cosmopolitan cities has many
layers: morphological, sociological, and symbolical (form,
function, and meaning). It is in the intersection of many disciplines
from art to science, from philosophy to engineering. Therefore
inter-disciplinary approach is necessary in this complex and interrelated matter. To ensure continuity and sustainability we need to
empower the ordinary members of the community through
training and