The application of Mcenery`s classification of bad language words in the Raid Redemption and The Raid 2 : ``Berandal`` Movies.

ABSTRACT

Astoto, Albertus Rahadion. (2016). The Application Of McEnery’s Classification Of Bad Language Words In The Raid Redemption And The Raid 2: “Berandal” Movies. Yogyakarta: English Language Study Program, Department of Language and Arts, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This paper aimed to find out how McEnery’s classification of bad language word was applied in The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: “Berandal” movies. The first movie soared through the world after being nominated in a Movie Festival in Toronto. The following sequel was also very popular. It expanded the action into prolonged time span and also received positive criticism from the audiences. In these movies, there were a lot of occurrences of Indonesian swear word and uniquely many of those occurrences could fit into McEnery’s classification of swear word. Consequently the research problem was formulated as how McEnery’s classification of bad language words can be applied in categorizing the occurrences of swearing in the Indonesian language especially in the The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: Berandal.?

This research employed content analysis. The research’ object was the theory of Bad Language Word classification proposed by McEnery in 2007. The data in which the main theory would be applied were two well-known Indonesian movies namely The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: Berandal. Considering that the main discussion was about the bad language that occurred during the movie then the data displayed and discussed in this paper would only be the context and the occurrence of the bad language word itself in form of dialog. The researcher used references from books, online websites, general knowledge, films, and dictionaries to support this study to reveal how McEnery’s classification of bad language word is applied.

Based on the analysis, the researcher found that only seven out of sixteen categories in a categorization that was proposed by McEnery could fit into the movies. The researcher found that it is important to separate the classifications into subgroups to overcome overlapping problem. Seven categories that occur in both movies are cursing expletive, general expletive, idiomatic ‘set phrase’, literal usage denoting taboo referent, ‘pronominal’ form with undefined referent, imagery based on literal meaning and figurative extension of literal meaning..

Keywords: McEnery’s Categorization of swearing word, bad language word, swear word, movie

ABSTRAK

Astoto, Albertus Rahadion. (2016). The Application of McEnery’s Classification Of Bad Language Words In The Raid Redemption And The Raid: 2 “Berandal” Movies. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu bagaimana penerapan pengklasifikasian kata makian yang digagas oleh McEnery pada film The Raid Redemption dan The Raid 2: “Berandal”. Film pertama melejit dan mendunia setelah dinominasikan pada sebuah festival film di Toronto. Sekuel lanjutannya pun sangat terkenal. Film kedua ini memperluas aksi laga pada jangka waktu yang lebih lama dan juga mendapat kritikan positif dari penonton. Pada kedua film ini ada banyak kemunculan kata makian dalam bahasa Indonesia dan uniknya kebanyakan dari kemunculan kata makian tersebut dapat diklasifikasikan dengan klasifikasi kata makian yang digagas oleh McEnery.

Berdasarkan keadaan tersebut, peneliti bertujuan untuk mencari tahu bagaimana penerapan pengklasifikasian yang digagas McEnery dalam mengelompokan kemunculan kata makian selain yang berbahasa Inggris terlebih dalam kedua film tersebut. Untuk itu maka rumusan masalah pada makalah ini adalah bagaimana penerapan pengklasifikasian kata makian yang digagas McEnery dalam mengelompokkan kemunculan kata makian dalam bahasa Indonesia di film The Raid Redemption dan The Raid 2: “Berandal”?

Penelitian ini menerapkan metode analisis isi. Objek penelitiannya adalah dua film yang berjudul The Raid Redemption dan The Raid 2: “Berandal”. Mengingat bahwa pembahasan makalah ini adalah mengenai makian yang muncul sepanjang film ini maka data yang ditampilkan dan dibahas hanyalah konteks dan kemunculannya saja dalam bentuk dialog. Peneliti menggunakan referensi dari buku-buku, halaman-halaman online, pengetahuan umum, film, dan kamus untuk mendukung penelitian ini demi mengetahui bagaimana penerapan pengklasifikasian kata makian yang digagas oleh McEnery.

Berdasarkan pada analisis yang telah dilakukan, peneliti menemukan bahwa hanya ada tujuh dari enam belas kategori yang diusulkan McEnery yang dapat mengelompokkan kemunculan kata makian di kedua film. Peneliti menemukan bahwa diperlukan sebuah pembagian lebih lanjut untuk mengatasi permasalah tumpang tindih dalam proses pengelompokan. Ketujuh kategori yang muncul tersebut adalah: cursing expletive, general expletive, idiomatic ‘set phrase’, literal usage denoting taboo referent, ‘pronominal’ form with undefined referent, imagery based on literal meaning dan figurative extension of literal meaning.

Kata kunci: McEnery’s Categorization of bad language, bad language word, swear word, movie

THE APP

LICATION OF McENERY’S CLASSIFICATION OF

BAD LANGUAGE WORDS IN THE RAID REDEMPTION AND

THE RAID 2: “BERANDAL” MOVIES

A Sarjana Pendidikan Final Paper

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Albertus Rahadion Astoto Student Number: 091214077

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

i

THE APP

LICATION OF McENERY’S CLASSIFICATION OF

BAD LANGUAGE WORDS IN THE RAID REDEMPTION AND

THE RAID 2: “BERANDAL” MOVIES

A Sarjana Pendidikan Final Paper

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Albertus Rahadion Astoto Student Number: 091214077

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

ii

A Sarjana Pendidikan Final Paper on

THE APP

LICATION OF McENERY’S CLASSIFICATION OF

BAD LANGUAGE WORDS IN THE RAID REDEMPTION AND

THE RAID 2:

“BERANDAL”

MOVIES

By

Albertus Rahadion Astoto Student Number: 091214077

Approved by Advisor

iii

A Sarjana Pendidikan Final Paper on

THE APP

LICATION OF McENERY’S CLASSIFICATION OF

BAD LANGUAGE WORDS IN THE RAID REDEMPTION AND

THE RAID 2: “BERANDAL” MOVIES

By

Albertus Rahadion Astoto Student Number: 091214077 Defended before the Board of Examiners

on April 11th, 2016 and Declared Acceptable

Board of examiners

Chairperson : Paulus Kuswandono, Ph.D. ______________

Secretary : Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M. ______________

Member : Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph. D. ______________

Member : Concilianus Laos Mbato M.A., Ed.D. ______________

Member : Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M. ______________

Yogyakarta, April 11th, 2016

Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University

Dean

iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this paper, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, April 11th, 2016 The Writer

Albertus Rahadion Astoto 091214077

v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Albertus Rahadion

Nomor Mahasiswa : 091214077

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang bejudul:

The Application Of McEnery’s Classification Of Bad Language Words In The Raid Redemption And The Raid 2: “Berandal” Movies

Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan data, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikan ke internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebearnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: April 11th, 2016 Yang menyatakan

vi

No matter how random things might appear,

there’s still a plan.

John ‘Hannibal’ Smith –

The A-Team -

For my dear Lord, my dear mother, father, brother, sister,

my friends and also for my dearest

vii ABSTRACT

Astoto, Albertus Rahadion. (2016). The Application Of McEnery‘s Classification Of Bad Language Words In The Raid Redemption And The Raid 2: “Berandal” Movies. Yogyakarta: English Language Study Program, Department of Language and Arts, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This paper aimed to find out how McEnery‘s classification of bad language word was applied in The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: “Berandal” movies. The first movie soared through the world after being nominated in a Movie Festival in Toronto. The following sequel was also very popular. It expanded the action into prolonged time span and also received positive criticism from the audiences. In these movies, there were a lot of occurrences of Indonesian swear word and uniquely many of those occurrences could fit into McEnery‘s classification of swear word. Consequently the research problem was formulated as how McEnery‘s classification of bad language words can be applied in categorizing the occurrences of swearing in the Indonesian language especially in the The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: Berandal.?

This research employed content analysis. The research‘ object was the theory of Bad Language Word classification proposed by McEnery in 2007. The data in which the main theory would be applied were two well-known Indonesian movies namely The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: Berandal. Considering that the main discussion was about the bad language that occurred during the movie then the data displayed and discussed in this paper would only be the context and the occurrence of the bad language word itself in form of dialog. The researcher used references from books, online websites, general knowledge, films, and dictionaries to support this study to reveal how McEnery‘s classification of bad language word is applied.

Based on the analysis, the researcher found that only seven out of sixteen categories in a categorization that was proposed by McEnery could fit into the movies. The researcher found that it is important to separate the classifications into subgroups to overcome overlapping problem. Seven categories that occur in both movies are cursing expletive, general expletive, idiomatic ‗set phrase‘, literal usage denoting taboo referent, ‗pronominal‘ form with undefined referent, imagery based on literal meaning and figurative extension of literal meaning.. Keywords: McEnery‘s Categorization of swearing word, bad language word, swear word, movie

viii ABSTRAK

Astoto, Albertus Rahadion. (2016). The Application of McEnery‘s Classification Of Bad Language Words In The Raid Redemption And The Raid: 2 “Berandal” Movies. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu bagaimana penerapan pengklasifikasian kata makian yang digagas oleh McEnery pada film The Raid Redemption dan The Raid 2: “Berandal”. Film pertama melejit dan mendunia setelah dinominasikan pada sebuah festival film di Toronto. Sekuel lanjutannya pun sangat terkenal. Film kedua ini memperluas aksi laga pada jangka waktu yang lebih lama dan juga mendapat kritikan positif dari penonton. Pada kedua film ini ada banyak kemunculan kata makian dalam bahasa Indonesia dan uniknya kebanyakan dari kemunculan kata makian tersebut dapat diklasifikasikan dengan klasifikasi kata makian yang digagas oleh McEnery.

Berdasarkan keadaan tersebut, peneliti bertujuan untuk mencari tahu bagaimana penerapan pengklasifikasian yang digagas McEnery dalam mengelompokan kemunculan kata makian selain yang berbahasa Inggris terlebih dalam kedua film tersebut. Untuk itu maka rumusan masalah pada makalah ini adalah bagaimana penerapan pengklasifikasian kata makian yang digagas McEnery dalam mengelompokkan kemunculan kata makian dalam bahasa Indonesia di film The Raid Redemption dan The Raid 2: “Berandal”?

Penelitian ini menerapkan metode analisis isi. Objek penelitiannya adalah dua film yang berjudul The Raid Redemption dan The Raid 2: “Berandal”. Mengingat bahwa pembahasan makalah ini adalah mengenai makian yang muncul sepanjang film ini maka data yang ditampilkan dan dibahas hanyalah konteks dan kemunculannya saja dalam bentuk dialog. Peneliti menggunakan referensi dari buku-buku, halaman-halaman online, pengetahuan umum, film, dan kamus untuk mendukung penelitian ini demi mengetahui bagaimana penerapan pengklasifikasian kata makian yang digagas oleh McEnery.

Berdasarkan pada analisis yang telah dilakukan, peneliti menemukan bahwa hanya ada tujuh dari enam belas kategori yang diusulkan McEnery yang dapat mengelompokkan kemunculan kata makian di kedua film. Peneliti menemukan bahwa diperlukan sebuah pembagian lebih lanjut untuk mengatasi permasalah tumpang tindih dalam proses pengelompokan. Ketujuh kategori yang muncul tersebut adalah: cursing expletive, general expletive, idiomatic ‗set phrase‘, literal usage denoting taboo referent, ‗pronominal‘ form with undefined referent, imagery based on literal meaning dan figurative extension of literal meaning.

Kata kunci: McEnery‘s Categorization of bad language, bad language word, swear word, movie

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Hail to my Dear Lord, Jesus Christ, for His blessing and companionship along with me during hardships and when I was too happy that I forgot to finish what I have started. When my knees tremble and my heart fall apart, He always there next to me, listens to me when I was complaining and especially listens to my prayers. I thank Him for He has created me so that I can feel happiness along my life and through my friends and family. I also thanked Him for I was allowed to do everything I can to achieve everything I could. Last, I am thankful for being able to witness His glory. When everything seems impossible, He always help me to get stronger to overcome all those problems then finally make the impossible possible.

I would like to express my gratitude and honor to my advisor, Drs. Barli Bram. M.Pd., Ph.D., for being so patient that I can finally finish my final paper. On the other hand I feel sorry because despite of his patience, I can only bring him more problems than solutions. I also thanked my former academic advisor Carla Sih Prabandari, S. Pd., M. Hum. and my current academic advisor Paulus Kuswandono, Ph.D. for also patiently guided me and support me to go through tough struggle in finishing my study in this university.

I am thankful to my parents, Evaristus Budi Satoto and Cornelia Budi Wuryanti for their love is the reason for me to be born into this world to taste the sweet taste of glory after struggle. They have presented their best so that I can study in this university and their prayer will always be my never drained fountain

x

of power to finish whatever I have started. Forever I shall love them and honor them. My prayer will always be with them. My dear brother Laurentius Renaldi Astoto, and my dear sister Maria Suci Kawuri Astoto also will always be my inspiration and my energy to carry on the fight.

I am grateful also to Titus Kristiawan, Gregorius Pambudi Laksono, Yohanes Angie Kristiawan, Pungki Ekopratomo Rusmayadi and Kristoforus Erda Kurniawan for being a very earnest discussion buddies and always support me to finish my bachelor degree. You guys are my brother in arms. We came together, we fought together and finally together we will prevail.

I am also grateful for being in a wonderful class of PBI 2009, specifically in class B. We shared our feelings, we helped each other and we enjoy the time we were together. Friends from other class have also been a great help and companion to get through the finish line.

Last but not least, I am thankful for God had me met Charla Emitara Dewi. She would always be my inspiration, my energy and also my whip to keep me finishing what I have started. We shared our tears and laughter together and together we learned deeper meaning of love and caring. We left many marks during our journey in our heart. My love and prayers will always be with her.

xi

Table of Content

Page

TITLE PAGE……….. i

APPROVAL PAGES……….. ii

STATEMENT OF WORK ORIGINALITY……… iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN…………..……….. vi

ABSTRACT………. vii

ABSTRAK………. viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………….……… ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS………. xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 A. Research Background……….……. 1

B. Research Question, Purpose and Limitation………...……… 6

C. Research Benefit………. 7

D. Review of Related Theory……….. 7

E. Methodology……… 32

CHAPTER II RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Research Result……….………. 37

B. Discussion……….……….. 41

CHAPTER III CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS A. Conclusions……… 53

B. Recommendations……….. 54

C. Implications... 55

REFERENCES………. 56

1

CHAPTER I

This chapter consists of three sections. The first is the background of the study, the second is objective of the study, and the last is the definition of terms.

A. Research Background

Media can influence people to imitate what they see or read in mass media. Huesmann had studied the influence 1960 up to nowadays and it shows non ceasing influence especially related to violence. Huesmann (2007) states that since early 1960s, evidence has been accumulating suggesting that exposure to violence in television, movies, video games, cell phones, and on the internet increases the risk of violent behavior as well as if they grew up in an environment filled with real violence (Huesmann, 2007). Huesmann‘s finding states that being exposed to violence is as dangerous as living in violence (Huesmann, 2007). This means that even only getting exposed to violence people can behave violently without living in an environment filled with violence, in other words people imitate violence that is exposed towards them. Another less severe conclusion can be made that not only violence; lifestyle, mindset, or even the way people speak can be suspected as a product of mass media influence.

During this high-speed-widespread internet connection era people even are able to access materials that are considered taboo and internalize them into their mind. Once they get into people‘s mind, they would easily manifest into people‘s infected behavior, altered attitude and probably progress into deviated speech such as swearing. Accordingly, the influence of the mass media is best viewed as one

of the many potential factors that help to shape behavior, including aggression (Anderson et. al, 2003, journal). Wilson (2005) proposed that swearing is highly ―contagious‖. “You can also remember swear words about four times better than other words” (Wilson, 2005). The fact that swearing is highly contagious is quite upsetting. There are so many movies broadcasted every year even in the television. Moreover, the cheapest and the most effective entertainment in the researcher community are movies. It is possible that people internalize swear word more than they learn good values through movies, especially when people are attracted to movies.

Swearing is not a phenomenon that has just happened recently. However, people seem to avoid discussing it. We can find swear word in almost every movie, even mild swear word from movies for children. In several occasions people convert their swear word into words that is not considered offensive like ‗shit‟ into ‗shoot‟ but that would not justify people from swearing using mild swear word. We couldn‘t deny that some cartoons uses euphemisms (McEnery: 2006, p.39) in their swearing like Nickelodeon‘s Spongebob Squarepants often said, ―mustard!‖ instead of ―bastard‖.

As a present day student, the researcher is also being exposed to mass media and especially violence. The researcher, as a student of Sanata Dharma English Language Education Study Program (ELESP), witnesses several people around the researcher involved in swearing activity. It is because the researcher and other students live in mass media environment filled with uncensored violence in the past several years, especially film. As suggested by Bordwell and

Thompson in their book named Film Art in 2008, ―Films are designed to have effects on the viewers‖, it can be deducted that another means of violence exposure is through movies. Before entering senior high school, the researcher and his friends at his own age are exposed to movie broadcast from TV stations that occasionally broadcast movies containing small-to-massive amount of violence and swear words. Some of them, including the researcher, also play console games that do contain violence. When a game is displaying violence, most often it also display swear words. Another reason why students of ELESP Sanata Dharma University got exposed to swearing is because movies are easy to get and they provide affordable entertainment during students‘ spare time.

Why people swear and how people swear has been interesting topic to discuss. Several of the researcher‘s friends have studied this phenomenon, one of them is Erda Kurniawan (2015) in his study related to George Carlin‘s monologue about seven words you can‘t say on television topic. Another example of English Language Education Study Program‘s student discussing about swear words are Muhammad Aditya Setiawan (2016) in his study related to swear words in 21st Jump Street movie and Bonifasius Puguh Kurnianto (2015) in his study related to the evaluation on acceptability of swear word translation in Indonesian subtitle found in Crank 2: High Voltage movie. The researcher also reviewed several studies done by people from Europe and America related to swearing. Bylsma, Vingerhoets and de Vlam (2013) in their study also discuss about swearing in terms of interpersonal functions of swearing and neurological, psychosocial and contextual factors that may contribute to person‘s swearing behavior. Williamsson

(2009) have done studies about differences of swearing activity related to sex, age and social class of the respondents. Uniquely Schippers (2013) studied swearing expletives and gender in reality television Jersey Shore, Geordie Shore. Lie (2013) had done a corpus based contrastive study concerning the translation of swearing and other taboo words in movie subtitles. Thelwall (2008) uniquely conducted a study related to swear word in MySpace pages. From the above studies, only five studies are related to movies or television shows and all of them are in English. The researcher would like to provide another study related to swear word and movies but in Indonesian language, especially in a well known Indonesian movies. Furthermore Ljung (2011) stated that ―McEnery‘s typology features 15 different categories to a great extent based on a detailed study of the spoken component of the BNC (British National Corpus)‖ (Ljung, 2011). Based on Ljung statement above, the researcher would like to conduct a study about swear word in movies and McEnery‘s typology called ―The categorisation of bad language‖ found in McEnery‘s Table 2.1 in his book entitled Swearing in English (2006, p.27)

There was a well known movie called The Raid directed by Gareth H. Evans, and starred by Iko Uwais, Joe Taslim, Donny Alamsyah, Yayan Ruhian and many more. The film was monumental for it being out of the box for Indonesian action movies. Besides, it received so many positive criticisms and even nominated in Movie Festival in Toronto as reported by Liam Lacey for The Globe and Mail at www.theglobeandmail.com in 2012. It was a great hit worldwide, so many people know this movie especially in English speaking

nations. Internet Movie Database on his website awarded this movie with 7.6 out of 10 stars, and this movie received 85% tomatometer in Rotten Tomato website www.rottentomatoes.com. However, for it is an action movie, there was a lot of violence and of course swear words.

Moreover The Raid itself has a sequel, and the sequel is full of violence as well. This movie was criticized as ―although its high – energy plot and over – the – top violence may play better with genre aficionados, The Raid 2 definitely delivers more of everything audiences loved about its predecessor‖ (www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_raid_2/). It was also receive positive criticism and having 79% rating of tomatometer and 87% of audience score of Rotten Tomato website. This second movie is a sequel of the first one. The director of this movie is still Gareth H. Evans with the same storyline development. This movie continued the story of a police officer named Rama to pursue the one who killed his brother, Andi. If the first movie timeline only span for at most twenty four hours, from the beginning where Rama asked permission and blessing from his wife to join a mission until the evening where only three out of twenty officers survived the operation. The second movie happened in a much longer time span, more than two years. Rama is still the main character even though in the movie he was disguising as a man named Yudha. For these two movies of The Raid can be considered as one unity, it is great to have these as the data of this study. It would give broader and holistic views of the occurrence of swear word in Indonesian movies for McEnery‘s classifications of bad language to be applied to (Ary, Jacobs, & Sorensen, 2010).

B. Research Question, Purpose and Limitation

The research problem is formulated as how McEnery‘s classification of bad language words can be applied in categorizing the occurrences of swearing in the Indonesian language especially in the The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: Berandal. This research would use the categorization of swearing based on its form suggested by McEnery in 2006. The reason why The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: Berandal was chosen is because they received good comments from many film enthusiasts around the globe.

This research is conducted to find out how McEnery‘s classification of bad language words can be applied in categorizing the occurrences of swearing in the Indonesian language especially in the The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: Berandal. However, there is one scene in the second movie in which swearing in English is exposed and it was against the aim of this paper. For that reason this research would only analyzing swearing in Indonesian language only. This statement will also act as the problem limitation so that any occurrence of swear words other than in Indonesian language will not be considered as the data as it will interfere the process of making the conclusion.

McEnery in his book stated that ―swearing is one example of bad language‖ (2006, p.2). Based on this statement, the researcher would also like to limit that swearing is a small part of ―bad language‖ (McEnery, 2006, p.2). Hereby, the researcher would use ―bad language‖ to refer to swearing that is usually mentioned by most people.

C. Research Benefit

This research might sound quite minor but it still contributes input towards the knowledge. This paper will exhibit the exploration of bad language activity in a language other than English, which is Indonesian, whereas not so many references are available to observe such activity. This paper would fill in the gap among studies contributed by many people mentioned in the research background section especially related to the applications of experts‘s classifications of swear word or bad language word beyond the limit of their language of origin. Also as a future educator, the researcher could draw benefit from this study that the researcher was inspired to be very cautious in speaking for the researcher could accidentally utter a bad language word and offend people.

D. Review of Related Theory

This part will discuss the theories used in answering the research question. The first part is discussing the main theory of bad language word classification proposed by McEnery. In his book McEnery actually said the categorization as ―categorization of bad language‖ instead of swear word (McEnery, 2006, p.27). This is also the reason why the researcher uses ―bad language word‖ or BLW instead of swear word in the title. The second theory is the description of bad language words in Indonesian language by Baittri and Shidqqiyah. However, not all bad language words are listed in the description; therefore another theory in defining whether a word or expression can be considered as BLW is required. The

researcher then used the description of swearing proposed by Wilson and also the process of swearing proposed by Pinker.

Pinker actually proposed his own categorization. His categorization contains only five categories namely: Descriptive swearing, Idiomatic swearing, Abusive swearing, Emphatic swearing and Cathartic swearing.

Descriptive swearing is when people say bad language such as ―fuck‖ when they really mean to have sex. However, the word ―fuck‖ itself is still considered impolite. When someone chose to say ―fuck‖ instead of ―have sex‖ he/she swears descriptively. Idiomatic swearing is related to the perceived meaning of certain taboo words when describing things that is not actually the taboo words.

Taboo words have quite an amazing ability ―to evoke an emotional reaction‖ (Pinker, 2007). It is useful when ―speakers wish to convey their own distress‖ (Pinker, 2007) that the listener can feel the same thing the speaker felt. This describes the way people swear idiomatically.

Abusive swearing contains a word that used to be non offensive and then it the meaning shifted little by little until today that when we hear such word we might get offended because it has already degraded so much. The word ―fuck‖ had already degraded so much that we might not feel and respect the beauty of it anymore. Pinker stated that ―the way that the verbs for sex take part in conceptual metaphors. Many of the transitive verbs for sex can be used metaphorically to refer to exploitation‖ (2007). This exploitation caused the word ―fuck‖ that was

actually a nice thing into a terrible thing that lead people to think that ―to have sex is to exploit someone and to have sex is to damage someone‖ (Pinker, 2007).

For Indonesian people, saying that ― Laptop „bangsat‟ ku dicuri!‖ is quite unusual. In English version, saying that ―My ‗damn‘ laptop got stolen!‖ is uniquely quite usual. There is also another case that we insert a taboo word in between two words that is one unity such as ―hot fucking dog‖. Even there is a possibility to insert a taboo word in the middle of the word like ―cappu -fucking-ccino‖. This condition describes that the occurrence of taboo words above indicating that ―something is lamentable about an entire state of affairs, not the entity named by the noun‖ (Pinker, 2007).

Cathartic swearing is about the ―blurting out of damn, hell, shit, fuck, or bugger in moments of sudden pain, frustration, or regret‖ (Pinker, 2007). This type of swearing according to Pinker was not about intimidating someone but ―to let off steam‖ (2007). The brain has certain mechanisms that may play a role in cathartic swearing. ―One of them is an electrophysiological response that kicks in when people notice they have just made an error. In public, cognitive neuroscientists call this response the Error-Related Negativity; in private they call it the Oh-Shit Wave‖ (Pinker, 2007).

Pinker‘s classification of swearing seems to be quite broad enough to be applied in other language, in this case Indonesian language, and specifically in its‘ movies. However, because of it only has five categories, each category will be overfilled with occurrences and we might not be able to catch the ―full complexity of the occurrences‖ of BLWs in the movies (Ljung, 2011).

In order to find out how McEnery‘s classification of bad language words can be applied in categorizing the occurrences of swearing in the Indonesian language especially in the The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: Berandal the researcher discussed the main theory in this section. This theory is the one that will classify swear word occurrences in The Raid Redemption and The Raid 2: Berandal into 15 different categories in ―categorization of bad words‖ according to McEnery (2006, p. 27). They are: (1) predicative negative adjective, (2) adverbial booster, (3) cursing expletive, (4) destinational usage, (5) emphatic adverb/adjective, (6) figurative extension of literal meaning, (7) general expletive, (8) idiomatic ‗set phrase‘, (9) literal usage denoting taboo referent, (10) imagery based on literal meaning, (11) premodifying intensifying negative adjective, (12)‗pronominal‘ form with undefined referent, (13) personal insult referring to defined entity, (14)‗reclaimed‘ usage—no negative intent, (15) religious oath used for emphasis.

Each category was not definite enough, therefore the researcher will limit the categories into definition below.

(1)Predicative negative adjective

Adjectives in the the second position - after the noun - are called predicative adjectives. Predicative adjectives do not occur immediately after the noun. Instead, they follow a verb. In the example ‗the film is shit‘, the BLW occurs after the word ―is‖. This is the only pattern that will be categorized as ‗Predicative Negative Adjective‘.

(2)Adverbial booster

Adverbs are words that modify (www.ccc.commnet.edu

/grammar/adverbs.htm). An adverb often tells in what condition or how things happen or happened. On the example, : ‗Fucking marvellous‘ or ‗Fucking awful‘the word ‗fucking‘ acts as an adverb that modify the word ‗marvelous‘. Any occurrences of BLW that modify the word after will be categorized as ‗Adverbial Booster‘ category.

(3)Cursing expletive

Cursing defined by Jay (2000) as a word that ―wishes harm‖ on a person. Cursing can evoke ―an emotional reaction‖ especially when someone ―want to create distress in a listener from scratch‖ (Pinker, 2007, p47). Here Pinker suggest that taboo words, dirty words or bad language words can be used to interact with someone. This means that the activity of cursing needs addressee when uttered. ‗Fuck You!/Me!/Him!/It!‘ can be a good example in English but it also be very valid if for example eye contact is present or anything that indicates interaction.

(4)Destinational usage

The researcher did not able to find the proper theory to describe this category but based on the example: ‗Fuck off!‘ and ‗He fucked off‘, a distinct definition should be easily drawn. The pattern should be ‗the dirty word‘ + preposition of place. If this condition is not fulfilled, then the occurred BLW cannot be classified as this category.

(5)Emphatic adverb/adjective

This category means that the occurrence of BLW is to make the expression more definite and forceful (―emphatic‖). As shown in example ‗He fucking did it‘ and ‗in the fucking car‘ meaning that the adverb or adjective was emphasized using BLW. This will limit the category to only include emphasis on an adverb or adjective.

(6)Figurative extension of literal meaning

Based on the name, it suggests that the occurrence of the dirty word did not mean its literal meaning but the figurative meaning of it. As Pinker stated that BLW activity happened deep inside a certain part of the brain ―which is the seat of perception, knowledge, reason and planning‖ (Pinker, 2007), For example ‗to fuck about‘doesn‘t mean someone who say this will have sex but to cause certain unpleasant situation.

(7)General expletive

―The remaining use of taboo language is cathartic – the blurting out of damn, hell, shit, fuck or bugger in moments of sudden pain, frustration or regret‖ (Pinker, 2007, p64). This category serves different purpose than cursing expletive category. If the cursing expletive category needs addressee then this category does not. ―If you ask people why they do it, they‘ll say it ‗releases tension‘ or helps them ‗let off steam‟ ‖ (Pinker, 2007, p64). For example: ‗(Oh) Fuck!‘

(8)Idiomatic ‗set phrase‘

This category uses the figurative meaning of a set phrase. Set phrase is multiple words occur together as one unity (english.stackexchange.com-Is set phrase a set phrase). This was the best the researcher can came up to describe this category. For example: ‗fuck all‘ ‗give a fuck‘.

(9)Literal usage denoting taboo referent

This category refers to the usage of swear word that was used in its literal meaning. As the example shows us, ‗We fucked‘ really means that ‗we‘ here are actually having sex. Any occurrence later in the discussion will be categorized as Literal usage denoting taboo referent category if the literal meaning was meant to be used.

(10)Imagery based on literal meaning

‗Kick shit out of‘ is an example of this category. The emphasis on this example was the word ‗shit‘. This word is an imagery that will show people any feeling that related to this word based on its literal meaning. Such occurrence then is to be categorized in this category. Nevertheless, it will overlap category number six. The difference is laid on the composition of the expression. This category relies on the compound word used in the conversation. If we separate the word ‗kick‘ and ‗shit‘ in ‗kick shit out of‘ example, we will have a whole different meaning. But in ‗got shit todo‘, the joining of the word ‗got‘ and ‗shit‘ have no further meaning than ―got something to do‖ but the augmentation of emotion in it.

(11)Premodifying intensifying negative adjective

As the name suggested, in this category the BLW occur as a premodifying adjective. The BLW occurs before the adjective. For example: ‗the fucking idiot‘,

(12)‗Pronominal‘ form with undefined referent

In this category, BLW occurs as a pronoun. It modifies the subject or object that was discussed in the sentence. However there is limitation that the referent should be undefined. In this paper we will limit what is meant with ―undefined‖ with not being mentioned directly in the sentence. An English example such as: ‗got shit to do‘,

(13)Personal insult referring to defined entity

This category classifies the occurrence of BLW based on the similarity among the speakers based on the background information of the speakers. This category point out the purpose to show their entity and probably each occurrence should be responded with matching BLW based on the background of the speakers.

(14)‗Reclaimed‘ usage—no negative intent

This category related to the history of the word itself. There are words that were forbidden to be spoken of. For this words were offensive and probably disgrace certain entity or more specifically ethnicity. For example the word Niggers/Niggaz was quite sensitive but now it is quite often for African American rappers use this word in their songs.

(15)Religious oath used for emphasis

For this category was negated in the discussion of theory and types of occurrences BLW in Indonesian language, therefore this category fails to classify any occurrence of swearing in the Indonesian language and will be dropped.

Even though Ljung stated that McEnery‘s categorization is broader and more specific (Ljung, 2011 p. 27), Ljung suspected that there is a possibility for this categorization to have sub group. Lie also stated that McEnery‘s classification appear to be defined primarily according to syntactic and pragmatic criteria. From this point the researcher started to reconsider that there is an opportunity of overlapping classifications among 15 categories.

The researcher suspected that there are three main subgroups in the classification. The first subgroup is based on the structural function in a sentece. This group consists of Adverbial booster, Emphatic adverb/adjective, Idiomatic ‗set phrase‘, Premodifying intensifying negative adjective, ‗Pronominal‘ form with undefined referent, and Predicative negative adjective. This subgroup differentiates how BLWs are placed in a sentence. The second subgroup is describing what the function of the BLWs is. This subgroup consists of Cursing expletive, Destinational usage, General expletive, Personal insult referring to defined entity and ‗Reclaimed‘ usage—no negative intent. This subgroup unites categories that have one similarity: purpose. All of the first subgroup‘s categories might not have the same purpose, but they describe the difference of the BLWs occurrences in terms of the function in a conversation. The last subgroup unite

three categories: Figurative extension of literal meaning, Literal usage denoting taboo referent and Imagery based on literal meaning. The similarity of categories that belong to this group is whether the BLWs that occur contain the real meanings or figurative ones. Based on this discussion, there is a good chance that the occurrences will overlap in the main categorization but not within the subgroup.

As a citizen of Indonesia who think and act like Indonesian people, the researcher realized that this research will be useless if the data are forced into such category proposed by McEnery. In this point, the researcher had to find another classification to show which words that that would possibly become a BLW from another researcher who live and think like the Indonesians.

The other classification was then proposed by Baittri, J. H and Shidqqiyah, S. K. (2012), as cited in Karnaval Caci Maki. Baittri and Shidqqiyah proposed that Indonesian BLW into two main categories. They are non human - related category and human – related category. The first main category was divided into seven categories. They are binatang (animals), benda-benda (things), makhluk halus (spiritual beings), makanan/minuman (food/drinks), kotoran (excrements), and tumbuhan (plantations) (2012).

(1) Binatang (animals)

The Indonesians usually swear with words that showing lower hierarchical status compared to human. Some of those words are animal related, things related, food and drink related, human excrements related and many others.

Animals are one of the favorite BLW that is not humanly related. Animals were considered lower than human because the culture says that animals are beings that were created without soul. Human was considered the highest since they claim to have soul even there was barely any scientific proof that soul does exist. There was another consideration why the Indonesians uses animals as BLW where western don‘t. Religious tradition play huge role here. Since 1200‘s Islam has entered into the Indonesian‘s way of life. Every bit of human life activity was influenced with Islamic value. Several things are considered “najis”(dirty, related with sins) when they came to contact with animals with fangs especially “anjing” or “asu” (dog). Even though pigs are fangless, they are considered “najis” for some reason. These two popular animals are often used as BLW in Indonesian conversation. There was another popular form of BLW related to animals but not many people realize that it is an animal, “bangsat”. It was a bug that suckles human‘s blood. Uniquely these bugs live in some dirty couch, when decades ago hygiene was such a great luxury‖ and will bite and suckle the blood through the bottom. Nobody wants to even touch anyone‘s bottom with the face, referring someone as “bangsat” was a huge humiliation towards the addressee. Another example was “kampret” for a Javanese terminology for a bat‘s offspring. Most bats are smelly and dangerous since it can cause disease due to its unsanitary nest. The examples for this category are: “anjing” (dog), “asu” (also dog), “babi” (pig), “bangsat” (bug), and “kampret” (bat‘s offspring).

(2) Benda-benda (Things)

There are many things that can be used as BLW. Indonesians often refer someone as ―bajaj‖ or ―bemo‖ towards someone annoying who have protruded mouth. “Bajaj” or “bemo” here are means of transportation that can only contain 2 to 6 people, all of them are three – wheeled.

Bajajs are made by Bajaj auto from India. It has two - stroked engine which is very noisy when it travels around some housing complex. Since it has two stroked engine, it produce lots of hazardous smoke also. Formerly, for it is quite small in size, it can roam around narrow alley delivering goods or taking passengers.

Bemo was an abbreviation for “becak motor‖. Becak is a distinct means of transportation which was similar to pedicab only the driver was on the back. Uniquely Bemo was not constructed in such a way like a becak. The driver‘s cabin was on the front and the passengers‘ cabin was on the back. Both bemo and bajaj have unique driver‘s cabin construction. It was like a protruded mouth of someone. This unique construction is often abused as BLW towards people with such mouth construction. However it was irrelevant for people without such mouth construction. Examples for this category are: “dasar bemo” and “dasar bajaj”

(3) Makhluk halus (Spiritual Beings)

Spiritual beings are one of many differences in BLW between English and Indonesian. Based on Islamic dogma, spiritual beings even though they are made of fire they are obliged to praise human who was made out of soil. Indonesian people live, think and act as a Muslim. Based on the premise above, referring someone bad as if they are possessed by evil spirit or even consider them as evil spiritual beings seems legit. Frankly this hypothesis was still debatable. Further research is still required to prove this assumption even though this assumption is concluded through years of living as an Indonesian citizen. Regardless, few of so many examples are: setan alas, tuyul, sundel bolong, kuntilanak, iblis, and many others.

(4) Makanan (Food and probably Drinks)

Food (and drink) are also used as BLW in Indonesia. One of the famous example of a name of a drink used as BLW is “bajigur” which probably an euphemism of “bajingan” since they sound alike. Bajigur is a one of the delicacies in West Java. It is served hot and contains lots of herbs that keep us warm and healthy in the cold air of West Java. Doesn‘t this sound really nice to have such drink?

Another example is that people in Jogjakarta often say, “telo” when things got unpleasant. Telo or in English called cassava, is actually a very nutritious food. Even from cassava, the people of Yogyakarta were able to make such delicacies called Thiwul. When the cassava was steamed it

became soggy. The historic background of telo shows that it was an alternative food for people that were so poor that they can‘t afford rice during the Holland colonialism. It was then labeled that telo is food for poor people. Few of so many examples are: ―bajigur‖ and ―telo‖

(5) Kotoran (Excretions)

Human wastes uniquely are very unpleasant things to talk about. Not only in the West, the Indonesians are also consider that human excrements are dirty, unpleasant and taboo. Therefore thinking, saying, and depicting excrements or referring someone as such is extremely unpleasant. Without any intention of cause disgust based on this category, the example of this category is like “Tai” (for feces) and “kencing” (for urin).

(6) Tumbuhan (Plantations)

There was a famous example of abuse of this category, “asem”. The Latin name of this tree is tamarindus indica. This BLW is considered mild since trees do not belong to taboo words but it is used frequently embedded with feeling such as upset, anger, annoyed or disappointed. This BLW is very famous throughout any society where the Javanese live in. The asem fruit was used in many Javanese cuisines as seasoning to make the final taste of the cuisine a little bit sour. The sourness of the food was taken advantage so that people who eat that produce much saliva. That much saliva helps the digestion system to digest the food more properly. However, producing

burst of so much saliva at a short time felt pretty unpleasant. This feeling was then used to represent the situation where this BLW could occur.

The human - related category consists of keadaan (situation), bagian tubuh (parts of the body), kekerabatan (relation), makhluk halus (spiritual beings), profesi (profession), aktivitas (activity), kematian (death), nama tokoh (certain character‘s name), Gender, sifat manusia (mankind characteristics), orientasi seksual (sexual orientation), sikap religius (religious attitude), ideology (ideology), gaya hidup (lifestyle), etnis (ethnicity), and finally kelas sosial (social class).

(1) Keadaan (Situations)

Rosidin claimed in his thesis that words showing unpleasant situations or conditions is generally exploited to be used as BLWs. Most often people swear using words that are showing somebody else‘s defects physically or intelligence impairment. Words like “moron”, “retards” or “idiots” in English are often used to ―throw something bad‖ towards the addressee (Ljung 2010). Probably by doing this we are labeling someone that they are such person or maybe we amplify such intelligence inhibition of someone to an extent that it was very humiliating. However this argument was not proven through a valid research, it was still what the researcher perceive in the process of swearing. In Indonesian language BLWs that belong to this category are: gila, sinting, bodoh, tolol. Uniquely, due to the Indonesian Islamic religious way of life and cultural background, Rosidin suggested

that not only intelligence impairment belongs to this category but also sinful acts, such as durhaka (disrespectful towards our parents), keparat/kafir (infidelity), and terkutuk (cursed/damned).

(2) Bagian Tubuh (Parts of The Body)

―And God created man to his own image: to the image of God he created him: male and female he created them. (―Holy Bible, Genesis 1: 27).‖ God created all things in this world along with their own beauty. It is such a shame that someone ever consider our ugly looking parts as a disgrace. However several BLWs came from such beautiful creation of the Lord in which the Bible said it was the Lord‘s image. Those which considered ugly parts are the stomach like ―gembul”, head (bald) ―botak/gundul”, nose ”Pesek”, and ugly looking navel “bodong”. At some point, genital are considered one of the ugly parts even though without it we would never be able to experience the pleasance of getting laid. Another example of human part of the body abuse are “matamu / matane” (eyes), “lambemu/lambene” (lips), “raimu/raine” (face), “ndhasmu/ndhase” (head), and many others. The suffix “-mu” or “-ne” are indicating possessive pronoun for the addressee.

(3) Kekerabatan (Relatives)

Relatives are somewhat unlikely to be considered as BLWs in English, but in Indonesian those really are. Further research is still required to explain how relatives can become BLWs. However Rosidin provide an example

when former president of Indonesia, Soeharto, was answering a question from a reporter related to the source of funding in a certain housing estate project he slipped a BLW. It was ―mbahmu‖. The news was broadcasted, according to Rosidin, in the show Mata Najwa in MetroTv December 28th 2011. Mostly the BLW are formulated as ―relative swear word + possessive pronoun (plus verb in rare occasion).‖ The example would be ―kepala bapak kau” or ―mbahmu salto.”

(4) Profesi (Profession)

During the colonialism there was an occupation called bajingan. There are two urban legends that says a bajingan, someone who pull or push a cart as his profession to deliver large amount of goods from one place to another in short up to medium radius, was actually a very handy person until someday that word turned into BLW. However he fell from his grace because of his action. The first urban legend says that bajingans are slow when they go to the designated spot to deliver or pick up the goods. People have to wait for a long time until the bajingan arrived. Surely people will had gone upset then. The second urban legend says that some bajingans work for the government at that time to collect the tax money. They will visit door to door to collect the taxes and then put the money or whatever the people have into the cart. Overtime the bajingan grew covet for the money or harvest presented as the tax in his cart. He would steal the tax. By doing so the tax cannot be fully collected and the government would have the bajingan to extortion the

people to pay more. Hatred towards the bajingan grew wild and people began to label someone worth swearing as a bajingan.

Uniquely not only bajingan is considered taboo or can be used as BLWs, other than that a dysphemism of an assistant of the house can possibly be used: Jongos. This profession might be considered mediocre and less respected job even though recently it has become more organized and then officially accepted by the public of Indonesia. The word jongos was probably a dysphemism (McEnery, p. 127) towards the profession of a maid. This dysphemism (McEnery, p. 127) of pembantu (maid) disgraced the profession of a maid. Every time someone say jongos we would not refer to the good definition of a maid but instead the bad side of a maid. Probably it was related with crimes done by an assistant of the house like stealing money or other precious belongings. Other form of a profession dysphemism is calling a prostitute a lonthe or pecun.

(5) Aktivitas (Activities)

Mostly sexual activities are used as BLW in Indonesia. As sexuality is considered taboo, words related to it are considered taboo as well. The reason sexuality is considered taboo is because it is embarrassing (Ljung, p.7). This type of taboo words are then exploited to become a BLW to refer how embarrassing what the addressee was doing. Examples of this type of BLW are jancuk, entot, and ewe.

(6) Kematian (Death)

Another way for Indonesians to swear is by using words that possess mysterious power in it which nobody can attain. Some of those words are divine power, mother nature‘s force and of course death. As an ending of a life that is completely mysterious, death is not considered as a pleasant thing. The BLWs related to death is a form of offense towards the addressee as a form of deep gratitude for the misfortune of the addressee, usually somebody who is disliked by the speaker. Some examples related to this category are mampus, matilah kau, jahanam, and kerak neraka.

(7) Nama Tokoh (Certain Character‘s Name)

Other than malin kundang, people of Indonesia have firaun (Pharaoh) and Pak Ogah (Mr. Ogah). Pharaoh in Indonesian‘s dictionary is closely related to the arrogance, absoluteness and uncivilized personality of the Pharaoh of Egypt in the Holy Koran. It is possible for Indonesian people to swear at people having similar personality with the Pharaoh as Firaun. The new version of this is Pak Ogah. Ogah also means reluctant because of laziness. Frankly this BLW categorization was not often found in normal conversation.

(8) Gender

People of Indonesia live in a patriarchal society. Stereotype of patriarchal people related to the separation of the working class between female and male often makes female (femininity) in the lover position compared to

male (masculinity). The second gender was abused as a bad language word when it was referred to a male. Boys who cry a lot was referred as “kaya cewek” (sissy) which can be concluded as a humiliation. The third gender was also exploited as a disgrace for men. In a binary gendered society third gender was not acknowledged. However, unfortunately when a woman called “kaya cowok”, it is not a glorification. It was also a big shame for a male to be called “bencong/banci”.

(9) Sikap Manusia (Mankind‘s Characters)

In a society every person has distinct social attitude. Abuse to such personality can be a form of BLW. There was an advertisement of a candy brand that shows the leading actor saying ―dasar pelit!‖ towards the leading actress. However it was somehow categorized as non-taboo words since based on the researcher‘s experience a child was not forbidden to say such word and many other variations of this category. Other examples are sombong (arrogant), munafik, angkuh (condescending).

(10) Orientasi seksual (Sexual Orientations)

A conventional patriarchal society only acknowledges heterosexual relation. Homosexual is considered as a deviation from the religious dogma. It makes homosexuality and lesbian become BLWs for both of them related to sacred but also taboo matter, religions dogma.

(11) Sikap Religious (Religious Attitude)

The highest leader of a religion often put people who don‘t believe in God and religion as people of the lower class. Due to the Islamic culture basis of people in Indonesia, people that do not believe in God are considered sinners. Atheist was considered one among those sins.

(12) Ideologi (Ideology)

The Orde Baru governance was referring communist participants as atheist and immoral people. PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) was considered as a coup against the national‘s foundation. There was a dark history about Indonesia and PKI that PKI was gathering people with the same ideology and trying to massacre people other than them. It turned out that it was a lie and an excuse to exterminate the communist party and its participants. For the next thirty years after the massacre of PKI participants during Orde Baru, PKI was considered taboo to be spoken about. Anyone that was too extreme for the Indonesian‘s lifestyle at that time was also stereotyped as a PKI.

(13) Gaya Hidup (Lifestyle)

The way people think about new lifestyle make new BLWs related to lifestyle. Saying ―borjuis‖or “borju” as a swearing word for aristocrats was quite common in the 90‘s. These people often look down on people who are less wealthy than them. This attitude causes hatred towards these wealthy

people. Another reason probably came from the colonial era when mostly the Holland are always rich and bully the Inlanders.

(14) Etnis (Ethnicity)

Based on Purnama‘s research related to BLWs in local languages there was several ethnicity that are considered inferior. Mostly because they are considered as migrants and some are considered primitive. The Chinese were very diligent. They are mostly hard workers. Uniquely they can manage their money well to avoid unnecessary expenses that will keep them away from prosperous life. Unfortunately the thriving achievements of the Chinese are envied by other ethnicity. BLW like ―Dasar cina” was then became popular. Many other forms of BLWs related to ethnicity are also present in many variations after these two popular ethnic-related BLWs emerged.

(15) Kelas social (Social Class)

In Hindu, social hierarchy are often abused as BLWs. Some of those are Sudra (the lowest class) and Paria (people who do not even have social class). Other examples of social class that is not related to religion are : proletar (proletarian), orang miskin (poor people), fakir (from arabic word means poor man), kere (poor people, poorer than proletarian), and ―gepeng‖ (gelandangan pengemis) or homeless and beggar in English.

Uniquely, as the researcher found McEnery‘s classification, several bad language categories are not possible to happen in Indonesia. After Baittri, J. H and

Shidqqiyah, S. K. (2012) explanation, the researcher found that there are two categories suggested by McEnery that fail to classify any way the Indonesians swear. These are ‗Reclaimed‘ usage—no negative intent and Religious oath used for emphasis.

In ‗Reclaimed‘ usage which has no negative intent the African-Americans use ‗Niggaz‘ to greet their fellow African-Americans. However saying ‗dasar Cino‘ or ‗dasar Cina‘ towards Chinese ethnicity in Indonesian societies can cause conflict. Saying such implies social hatred toward Chinese ethnicity. On the other hand saying ‗dasar Jawa‘ towards the Javanese ethnicity was a form of debasement towards the Javanese.

Wilson (2005) states that swearing is a ―motor activity‖ with an ―emotional component‖. This statement was concluded based on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) that when a person swear the lower parts of the brain, deals with emotion, and higher parts of the brain, deals with language, are active. Swearing therefore is an activity of language usage that expresses certain feeling, especially significant strong emotion. Mostly people use several distinct word to be used as BLW such as human body parts, especially genitals, such as ―dick”(refers to male genital) or excrements such as ―piss‖ (refers to urine). However more variations of swearing show other less unpleasant condition like ―bastard‖. This theory was then used as the parameter to filter which are BLWs and which are not. Later in the movies BLWs that were used are then selected based on how it was said, whether or not it was augmented with emotions such as anger or agitation, or even surprised. Other than that, BLWs that will be

classified later in the discussion part is also selected based on a reason whether or not those words used involving verbal attacks on the addressee (Ljung, 2011).

Pinker suggests more detailed information about the process of swearing. ―The ubiquity and power of swearing suggest that taboo words may tap into deep and ancient parts of the emotional brain‖ (Pinker, 2007). Pinker shows that our brain consists of several different parts based on its function. ―The mammalian brain contains, among other things, the limbic system, an ancient network that regulates motivation and emotion, and the neocortex, the crinkled surface of the brain, which ballooned in human evolution and which is the seat of perception, knowledge, reason and planning‖ (Pinker, 2007). Pinker (2007) states that the way emotion is processed is by categorizing an expression, either word or phrase, or even sentence, to its connotational and dennotational meaning, it is simply an iconing process similar to Saussure‘s concept of ―semiology‖ (1989). Swearing can be considered emotive utterances, based on the above quotation. Therefore, later during the listing of the whole occurrences of swearing in the movie, this further description of swearing proposed by Pinker (2007) is used to reinforce the process of determining whether or not an occurrence of seems-to-be-swearing-word is considered a BLW.

There is also the concept of offensiveness in swearing. There are times when people feel the urge to intimidate, punish or downgrade the reputational stock of some other person (Pinker, 2007, p.47). Swearing is suspected to have such effect. Based on the researcher experience, any occurrence of swear word often followed by feeling of being agitated or explosion of anger. People in a

certain residence are often starts massive street brawl after being provoked by intimidations from other people.

Pinker (2007) also suggests a concept of taboo words. Taboo word had unique ability to ―evoke an emotional reaction‖. Ljung (2011) suggests that taboo words are also used as BLW. Ljung hereby confirmed Stroh-Wollin statemet that ―swearing then may be defined as the use of taboo expressions which are neither literal nor predominantly metaphorical‖ (as cited in Ljung, 2011, p. 18)

Based on several theory reviews above, the researcher drew conclusion as a parameter to determine if a certain word is considered bad language. To be called bad language, a word must contain these factors: embedded with emotion, taboo expression, and the last is offensiveness.

Grouping data is one of several effective ways to present data to the reader without wasting so many pages in the report and it manages each input to be easily described by classifying them into several categories. However, classification of the data is not an easy thing to do. Classifications are supposed to be non-overlapping which means a data should not belong to two categories so that the table would not mislead the reader. Since Neil suggest that each piece of data must belong in one class (Neil, 1982, p. 16) the classification suggest by McEnery should be precise enough to classify each piece of data without any error caused by overlapping of category. By categorizing the BLWs that occur in both movies, we will have starting presumption to understand how effective is McEnery‘s classification in classifying BLW occurrence in other language.

E.Methodology

In this part of the paper, the method used to gather the data is explained. First, it is about the research method. The next, research setting will be explained. The third, explanation about the research object is stated. Fourth, instruments and data gathering technique will be explained. Fifth, data analysis technique will be described, and finally the explanation of the research procedure.

This study aims to find out how effective McEnery‘s classification of bad language word in classifying occurrences of bad language word in The Raid movies. It is a qualitative research. Its purpose was to search of meaning and understanding (Meriam, 2002). The goal of qualitative research is a whole picture and depth of understanding (Ary et al., 2010). This method is applied to visual or written materials, in this paper would be selected transcripts of The Raid movies that only contain the occurrence of bad language words along with the context. In the end of the discussion a table was used to describe which categories that occurred in the movies and not to be confused that it would have shifted this research into quantitative one.

According to Weiss (1999, p.66) ―by suitably organizing the data we can often make a large and complicated set more compact and easier to understand‖. Simply by grouping the data into categories or classes we can make it much simpler to comprehend. Here is why categorization comes in handy. Gazing at a huge amount swearing in a movie would not be easy. We can‘t tell which type of swearing is which. As the aim of this paper is to find out how the classification

really works in other language than English, we can find out how it is applied after we classify each occurring BLW in both movies.

As stated by Weiss (1999) it is easier to understand if after the discussion a chart is proposed based on the findings. The chart can tell us how the swearing in those movies occurs. There had got to be a slight tendency for certain categories to rise in terms of occurrence. The chart gave us a better image how certain category, for instance, is compared to the others.

The main theory in this paper works by classifying BLW into McEnery‘s fifteen different categories (2006, p.27). How we test whether it is applicable on other language is by classifying any occurrence of BLW into its classification. This research will then give a ―count data‖ which count the number of occurrence of BLWs falling into various categories (Weiss, 1982).

The process of classifying the data by ―recognizing differences and similarities‖ among the categories in the data is called ―coding‖ (Ary et al. 2010). The researcher went through all the data and identified each unit of all occurrences of BLW with the appropriate code. The researcher then counted the frequency of the occurrences.

The research subject was the classification suggested by McEnery. Still, it requires some real data to get it works. For that reason, the researcher used two worldwide-known Indonesian movies which are the two series of The Raid movies, The Raid Redemption and The Raid:2, Berandal.

No questionnaire is possible to be used as an instrument to gather the data. This will make human instrument came in handy. Human, in this condition would

be the researcher, can be flexible enough to capture the complexity of human interactions especially like swearing that occurs in movies (Ary et al. 2010). ―Human investigation‖ (Ary et al. 2010) will be flexible enough to identify the occurrences of BLWs in the movies and based on the researcher‘s experience as an Indonesian it would be enough to capture the complexity of swearing in Indonesian language (Ary et al. 2010). The researcher discussed each occurrence of BLW and then classified each occurrence into categories suggested by McEnery.

Document analysis was used as the method of gathering the data because the presence of the researcher in the process of gathering the data would not interrupt the data gathering process itself (Ary et al. 2010). With or without the researcher presence, both movies would never alter themselves. For this is a qualitative research, mostly this research had only few things to do with numbers. In this part, the research step is explained. The researcher watched the movies and then transcribed the movie but only at the moment where the BLW occurred. Since the movies, which contain the data, were in Indonesian language, the researcher did not alter any words perceived through the transcription process. It was intended in such way that there was barely any shifted meaning (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2009). To avoid any bias, the researcher did not translate any dialog but only the event descriptions.

Next was to group the data. The data was grouped so that it was easy to tell which bad language word belong to which classification (Weiss, 1999). After the researcher made the transcript, each occurrence of bad language word was

then grouped into a specific classification suggested by McEnery (2006). The grouping in this research was using a specific technique suggested by Ary et al. (2010) called coding.

Final step was to interpret and present the data. By interpreting the data, the researcher described what all the words mean and conceptualized understanding out of them (Ary et al: 2010) which also mean that the researcher will describe how the bad language word that occurred in the movies belong to which classification. Conclusion was then drawn from the result of this classification process and finally the data will be presented.

Here the researcher described the procedure of the research. Getting the proper theory was the first thing the researcher did. The theory of bad language classification according to McEnery was then decided to be the one should be tested. As the aim of this research is to find out if the classification suggested by McEnery is applicable in other language, then the researcher tried to find the data that is from another language, and it ended up with the two movie series of ‗The Raid‘.

The researcher then watched the movies and scanned through all those movies to find any occurrence of bad language form based on the classifications of bad language proposed by McEnery. Coding was then used to classify any occurrence of bad language. The way the researcher did this was by matching any similarities with examples mentioned in the previous section. Pinker‘s theory about BLW was then used to encourage whether or not the utterances was

categorized as BLW. After all matching occurrences were listed, the researcher then grouped them into corresponding categories proposed by McEnery.

The way the researcher found out how McEnery‘s categorization of bad language word is applicable is by categorizing the occurrences of bad language into fifteen bad language classification of McEnery. When classification was completed, the researcher then presented the data.

Kampret! Lu bakalan dikejar peluru nyasar lu. Lu nggak bisa tidur lu, nafas lu disekap bantal! Karir lu abis! Tinggal tunggu waktu, Anjing. Wahyu : Diam. (Wahyu put a bullet through Tama‟s temple)

THE RAID 2 “BERANDAL”

EXCERPT 19 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 06:35 (6/12)

Rama met an officer named Bunawar as suggested by his brother Andi to take lieutenant Wahyu into custody and have the case trialed in the court. It turned out that Bunawar had Lieutenant Wahyu executed. Rama was shocked to witness that scene.)

...

Bunawar : Unitku tugasnya untuk melacak bangsat-bangsat yang korup seperti ini.

...

EXCERPT 20 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 07:03 (6/12)

...

Bunawar continued his explanation about the condition Rama had just been through.

Bunawar :Elu cuma mendengar kabar angin dan sebuah kotak yang isinya kaset. Nah, gue udah hafal yang beginian ini dan akhirnya kita cuma menemukkan cecunguk-cecunguk kayak dia ini.

...

EXCERPT 21 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 11:20 (6/12)

...

Bunawar revealed his intention for Rama to go undercover to approach his target.

Bunawar : Nah, kalau kau bisa mendekati Bangun saya yakin kita pasti bisa menangkap bajingan-bajingan itu.

…

EXCERPT 22 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 13:07 (6), (6)

...

Rama finally agreed to go as Bunawar had planned. He had to be arrested to got close Bangun‟s son in prison by beating up a corrupted politician‟s son.

Rama : Gue butuh tahu lebih banyak. Bunawar : Dia anak bangsat politikus bangsat.

Rama : Emangnya gue nggak bisa langsung ditangkap? Kenapa gue mesti mukulin dia dulu?

…

23:15 (6) ...

Bunawar sent a man to visit Rama at the prison to convince everyone in prison who Rama was actually.

Johnny : lu pikir politikus anjing itu udah puas lihat lu masuk penjara doang? Lu pikir dia anggap ini impas? Fair? Nggak. Lu udah ngincer anaknya, masih untung dia nggak ngincer anak lu.

EXCERPT 24 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 45:58 (6/7), (6/3), (9), (6/3)

Rama was finally recruited as Bangun‟s henchman. He then went to his first job to gather rent money from an illegal porn production house.

…

Porn actress : Bangsat! Jangan goyang-goyang! Anjing! Lu dapat dari mana sih ni cupu?

Topan : Joki.

Porn Actress : Joki, joki yang selalu lu bawa ke gue. Nggak ada pengalamannya. Cari dong yang lain! Yuk shooting lagi. Sebelum gue jiper.

Topan : Ya udah langsung aja kamera rolling, shooting aja langsung, entot, gua kesana ntar, anjing …

…

EXCERPT 25 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 53:23 (9), (9), (9), (9), (9)

...

After a tough first day at work Ucok had Rama to accompany him to a karaoke bar.

Uco : (exhales) ya elah minum kagak, nyanyi kagak, ngomong dari tadi dong, tahu gini langsung aja ke tempat striptease bisa dapat memek Uzbek yang oke. Daripada di sini, dapat pecun-pecun murahan doang.

Joanna : Heh, lu siapa katain kita pecun.

Uco : Yang pasti sih gue lebih penting daripada lu dan harusnya lu juga udah pada tahu.

Joanna : Ngebacot lu.

Ucok : Gini. Tempat lu kerja, tempat lu tinggal, tempat lu ngewek sama klien. Semuanya punya bokap gue. Dan tugas gua untuk mastiin bahwa semua orang yang kerja di kota ini nunjukin rasa hormat mereka ke dia.

…

EXCERPT 26 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 54:40 (9), (9), (9), (6/7)

Ucok teased Joanna after she escaped the quarrel by drinking a glass of liquor. Joanna got upset and fought back after she was teased

Ucok : Udah buruan nyanyi, gue bosen denger lu bacot! Iya itu lo!! Gue bayar lo untuk nyanyi atau untuk ngewek, lo mau yang mana ayo pilih! Mau nyanyi? Ayo kita pilih lagunya.Hah?! Mau gue pilih lagunya?! Mana daftar lagunya?!

(Joanna told her friend to get hurry to take the song boo but her friend tried to push the security button)

Ucok : Heh, jangan tekan itu! Awas lu! (Joanna‟s friend pushed the button many times and Ucok kicked her) Ini dia yang bikin negara ini jadi

hancur. Awalnya janji manis, ‗iya, iya, iya, bisa kok, bisa, bisa,‘ Tapi

kalau sudah saatnya untuk buktiin bacotannya itu, ‗nggak, nggak;

maaf nggak bisa,‘ Tai! Nggak ada ceritanya malam ini. Sekarang nyanyi! (Ucok started to sing. A while later the security came in.)

…

EXCERPT 27 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 56:51(9), (9)

…

Rama : Lu nggak apa-apa?

Ucok : (exhales) Nggak apa-apa lah, pecun doang emang gue pikirin. Gila aja, dia berani ngebacot ke gue, siapa dia gitu?

…

EXCERPT 28 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 1:05:05 (6)

Bejo was talking about legacy towards Ucok.

Bejo : Ayah saya, itu bajingan dulu tukang sapu jalanan...

…

EXCERPT 29 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 1:16:54 (7/9), (9), (6/12)

Ucok had got persuaded by Bejo to slowly overtake his father‟s business. He visited an old family friend, Prakoso, at the club.

Ucok : Gila ya. Sekarang siapa aja bisa masuk ke sini. Dulu tempat ini masih ada kelasnya, tapi sekarang lihat aja! Bule bisa masuk pake sandal jepit, minum bir, sama ngentot sama cewek paling murah di WC seperti binatang. Udah kacau semuanya! Semua harus dimulai lagi dari awal, dari kita. Seperti dulu. Dulu kalau bokap masuk ruangan, semua orang langsung diam. Takut sama dia, karena mereka tau dia bisa ngelakuin apa aja.

…

Prakoso : Itu sudah sering kejadian, kita ngadepin bajingan – bajingan yang pengin unjuk gigi. Percaya sama saya, mereka nggak pernah tahan lama. Kalo giliran mas yang pegang kekuasaan Mas bakal lihat sendiri. Mereka jatuh sama seperti bapak Mas lihat. Mas memiliki kekuatan yang sama. Saya lihat sendiri dari Mas kecil dulu. Jangan

sampai kehilangan kekuatan itu, tapi belajar cara ngendaliinnya. Kalau begitu pasti, suatu saat Mas bakal sehebat bapak.

…

EXCERPT 30 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 1:25:00 (9/12), (9), (6/7)

Ucok got mad after knowing that one of his henchmen Prakoso was butchered but his father did not do anything. He left the room after a quarrel with his father. Ucok : Cina – cina bilang mereka ngelihat orang – orangnya Goto nyerang

Prakoso di dalam gang. Udah gila apa ya? Habis semua yang kita lewatin selama ini mereka khianati kita, kita harus bales! (Bangun convinced Ucok that he had his own plan, which he thought it was better than Ucok‟s plan to retaliate for Prakoso‟s death. Ucok had got very upset that his plan to start a gang war between his gang and the Japanese did not go as planned because his father decided to stand down.)

…

Bangun : Bajingan! (he exclaimed) Eka, Nggak bagus ini. Sama sekali nggak bagus.

EXCERPT 31 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 1:44:58 (6/3), (6/12)

Bangun got angry after his son, Ucok, ruined the meeting with the Goto's. He slapped his son many times on the face. Ucok exploded.

…

Ucok : Tai! (Shouted) Bapak malu sama saya, saya malu sama Bapak! Apaan itu tadi? Ha?! Mana harga diri Bapak?! Minta maaf sama bangsat-bangsat itu?

…

EXCERPT 32 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 2:02:38 (6/12), (6/12)

Rama and Eka escaped the car chases and hide in an abandoned area. Rama found out that Eka was actually an undercover agent sent to spy on Bangun. Rama called Bunawar after Eka left the car.

Rama : Kenapa lu nggak bilang kalau udah ada intel yang ikutin Bangun? Bunawar : Elu ngomong apa?

Rama : Eka

Bunawar : Bajingan itu?

Rama : Bajingan itu yang bikin gue selamat!

…

EXCERPT 33 The Raid 2 “Berandal”: Swearing occurrence only 2:09:06 (6/7)

Bejo, Reza, and Ucok gathered at Bejo‟s restaurant to discuss about an agreement to secure their businesses. After a while, Reza was informed that Rama

came and started to mess his place up. Reza suspected that Bejo was not a capable man after he heard the news.

Bejo : Reza, tenang aja. Ini semua masih dalam kontrol kita. Mereka ini orang-orang andalan… (Bejo accidentally spilled his wine and dropped his cane) Bangsat! (he exclaimed)