An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the Subtitles of The Raid: Redemption Movie.
An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the Subtitles of The Raid:
Redemption Movie
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
Denna Aulia Rusianty
1006412
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the
Subtitles of
The Raid: Redemption
Movie
Oleh
Denna Aulia Rusianty
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
©Denna Aulia Rusianty 2015 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
September 2015
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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Denna Aulia Rusianty, 2015
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
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ABSTRAK
An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the Subtitles of “The Raid: Redemption” Movie
Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan strategi penerjemahan yang paling banyak digunakan di subtitle film The Raid: Redemption dan menganalisa kualitas dari terjemahan tersebut. Studi ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Creswell (2012, hal. 274). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa strategi Gottlieb (dikutip dari Ghaemi & Benyamin, 2010, hal. 42) yang digunakan dalam terjemahan adalah paraphrase (165 kali), transfer (143 kali), expansion (44 kali), dislocation (43 kali), condensation (27 kali), imitation (18 kali), resignation (7 kali), decimation (5 kali), deletion (2 kali), and transcription (0 kali). Terjemahan tersebut dikategorikan sebagai terjemahan yang baik. Hal itu berdasarkan teori yang dikemukakan oleh Larson (dikutip dari Anari & Bouali, 2009, hal. 80) yang mana sebuah terjemahan yang baik dinilai berdasarkan 3 komponen; yaitu, natural, accurate, dan communicative.
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Denna Aulia Rusianty, 2015
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
ABSTRACT
An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the Subtitles of “The Raid: Redemption” Movie
The study was aimed at finding out the most frequently translating strategies used in the subtitles of “The Raid: Redemption” movie and analyzing the quality of the translation. This study used a qualitative descriptive method as proposed by Creswell (2012, p. 274). The result revealed the strategies used in the translation which proposed by Gottlieb (cited in Ghaemi & Benyamin, 2010, p. 42) were paraphrase (165 times), transfer (143 times), expansion (44 times), dislocation (43 times), condensation (27 times), imitation (18 times), resignation (7 times), decimation (5 times), deletion (2 times), and transcription (0 times). Meanwhile, the translation was categorized as good. It was based on the theory proposed by Larson (cited in Anari and Bouali, 2009, p. 80) in which a good translation is judged by three components; those are natural, accurate, and communicative.
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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ... i
PREFACE ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii
ABSTRACT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
LISTS OF TABLES ... ix
LIST OF FIGURE ... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions... 3
1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 4
1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ... 4
1.6 Clarification of Key Terms ... 4
1.7 Organization of Paper ... 5
1.8 Concluding Remark ... 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Definitions of Translation ... 7
2.2 The Principles of Translating ... 8
2.3 Audiovisual Translation (AVT) ... 9
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2.4 Subtitle and Subtitling ... 11
2.5 Subtitle Functions ... 12
2.6 Interlingual Subtitling ... 14
2.7 Translating Strategies ... 15
2.7.1 Expansion ... 16
2.7.2 Paraphrase ... 17
2.7.3 Transfer ... 18
2.7.4 Imitation ... 18
2.7.5 Transcription ... 19
2.7.6 Dislocation ... 19
2.7.7 Condensation ... 20
2.7.8 Decimation ... 21
2.7.9 Deletion ... 22
2.7.10 Resignation ... 22
2.8 Characteristics of A Good Translation ... 23
2.9 Previous Researches ... 25
2.10 Concluding Remark ... 26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Design of the Study ... 27
3.2 Subject of the Study ... 28
3.3 Procedure of the Study ... 29
3.4 Analysis of the Study ... 29
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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
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3.4.2 Analysis of Quality of the Translation ... 31
3.5 Concluding Remark ... 31
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Translating Strategies Used in the Movie... 32
4.1.1 Paraphrase ... 34
4.1.2 Transfer ... 36
4.1.3 Expansion ... 37
4.1.4 Dislocation ... 39
4.1.5 Condensation ... 41
4.1.6 Imitation ... 42
4.1.7 Resignation ... 43
4.1.8 Decimation ... 43
4.1.9 Deletion ... 44
4.1.10 Transcription ... 45
4.2 The Translation Quality of “The Raid: Redemption” Movie Subtitle ... 45
4.2.1 Natural ... 46
4.2.2 Accurate ... 47
4.2.3 Communicative ... 48
4.3 Concluding Remark ... 49
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 The Conclusions ... 51
5.2 Suggestions ... 54
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APPENDICES…… ... 63
LISTS OF TABLES Table 3.1 Examples of Identification and Codification from “The Raid: Redemption” Subtitles ... 30
Table 4.1 Data Distribution of Translating Strategies Used in the Translation . 33 Table 4.2 Examples of Adding Words to Give a Clear Explanation to the Target Text ... 38
Table 4.3 Examples of Adding Personal Pronoun ... 38
Table 4.4 Examples of Condensation with Word Repetition ... 42
Table 4.5 Examples of Imitation ... 43
Table 4.6 Examples of Resignation ... 43
Table 4.7 Examples of Decimation ... 44
Table 4.8 Examples of Deletion ... 45
Table 4.9 Examples of Dissimilarity Meaning ... 46
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Denna Aulia Rusianty, 2015
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Process of Interlingual Subtitling ... ... 15 Figure 4.1 Data Distribution of Translating Strategies Used In the Movie ... 34
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter firstly explains the background of the study, the significance of the study, research questions, the aim of the study, and also the scope of the study. Moreover, the clarification of some terms used in the study and the organization of paper will be presented and explained in the end of this chapter.
1.1 Background of the Study
Today, translation is very important in many aspects. Newmark (1988, p. 10) stated that translation is now used to transmit knowledge, understanding, and culture between groups and nations. He also declared that translation is rendering the meaning of a text from one language into another language in accordance with the intention of the translator. It is also supported by Hatim and Munday (2004, p. 6) who amplified that translation is the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL). Followed by Kelly (2005, p. 26-27), who defined translation as the skill of understanding the source language (SL) and render it in the target language (TL) by using the register, the background knowledge, and other language resources according to the intended purpose. From the definitions mentioned above, it can be concluded that translation is a process of conveying the text from source language (SL) into target language (TL) in which the meaning of source language should be equivalent with the target language (TL).
Translation can be separated into two types; literary translation and audio visual translation (AVT) (Reich, 2006, p. 7). According to Kolawole and Adewuni (2008), literary translation is translating written texts in a literary language.
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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
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Meanwhile Chiaro (2009) described audiovisual translation is transferring written text from one language to another of the verbal components contained in audiovisual works and products. On audio visual translation (AVT), there are two major types exist; dubbing and subtitling (Jaskanen, 1999, p. 8). Cintas (2003, p. 195) explained that dubbing is replacing the original dialogue from the actor with the target language (TL) spoken by dubber —people who do dubbing—at the same time, thus voice of dubber synchronized with the lip movements of the actor. The aim of dubbing stated by Dries (1995, p. 9) is to make the audiences feel as if they were listening to what actors actually speaking.
Therefore, O'Connell ( 2007, p. 125) declared that subtitling is supplementing the original voice soundtrack by adding written text on screen and dubbing is replacing the original voice soundtrack with another voice in another language. According to Luyken as quoted in Georgakopoulou (2009, p. 14), subtitle is defined as condensed written translation of original dialogue from a movie.
Subtitling and dubbing which are defined by Baker & Hochel (1998, p. 74) is as follows:
Subtitling is visual, involving the superimposition of a written text onto the screen. Dubbing, on the other hand, is oral; it is one of a number of translation methods which makes use of the acoustic channel in screen translation (1998, p. 74).
From those definitions, it can be concluded that dubbing is changing the dialogue spoken by the actor in the original language into the target language. Whereas subtitling is communication from one language to another and from the dialogue spoken by an actor in a film into written form, and then displayed on the screen.
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In term of linguistic viewpoint, Jakobson (cited in Spanakaki, 2007, p. 7) divided subtitling into two types; there are intralingual subtitling and interlingual subtitling. According to Gottlieb (cited in Baker, 1998, p. 247), intralingual subtitling involves taking speech down in writing, changing its mode but not its language. It is used when target language is the same with source language. Meanwhile, Cintas (cited in Anderman & Rogers, 2003, p. 199) described interlingual subtitling as transferring source text (ST) to target text (TT) where there is a change of language or transferring source text (ST) to different language of target text (TT). In conclusion, in intralingual subtitling both the source text and the target text are composed in the same language, whereas in interlingual subtitling the two texts are composed in different languages.
In delivering the meaning of a text from source text (ST) to target text (TT), a translator must consider about the strategies. Gottlieb (as cited in Ghaemi & Benyamin, 2010, p. 42) proposed a set of translating strategies which are commonly used by the translator; expansion, transfer, condensation, paraphrase, imitation, dislocation, decimation, deletion, transcription, and resignation.
There have been some previous researches in conducting translating strategies on various movies. Zhang and Liu (2009) have done a research about translating process in the subtitle. In 2010, Ghaemi and Benyamin also have done a research about the strategies used in translation of interlingual subtitling from target language (TL) to source language (SL). Afterward, Hosseinnia (2014) has done a research about translating strategies. She attempted to describe the mostly strategies used by the translator on children cartoon movies.
This study is specifically designed to explore the translating strategies which are mostly used in the subtitle of The Raid: Redemption. This study used descriptive method to collect the data.
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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
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This research is conducted to answer the following research questions:
1. What are the most frequent translating strategies that are used in the subtitles of The Raid: Redemption movie?
2. What does the quality of the translation on The Raid: Redemption movie subtitles look like?
1.3 Purpose of the Study The aims of this study are:
1. To find out translating strategies used in the subtitles of The Raid: Redemption movie.
2. To analyze the translation quality of the subtitles on The Raid: Redemption movie.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This study focused on analyzing the translating strategies on The Raid: Redemption movie subtitles. The analysis focused on the strategies which are mostly used in that movie; expansion, paraphrase, transfer, imitation, transcription, dislocation, condensation, decimation, deletion, and resignation proposed by Gottlieb (1992), and the quality of translation as proposed by Larson (cited in Anari and Bouali, 2009, p. 80).
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research is expected to provide a clear explanation about translating strategies which are mostly used in The Raid: Redemption movie subtitles. This research also explains the quality of the translation from The Raid: Redemption subtitles. Practically, this
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research is important to be carried out because the result of this study can contribute information and become reference for students of translation courses.
1.6 Clarification of Key Terms
In order to avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding toward main terms that will be used in this study, this section will clarify the following terms:
1. Translation is rendering the meaning of a text from one language into another language in accordance with the intention of the translator (Newmark, 1988, p. 5).
2. Subtitle is a transfer meaning from one language into another language, and from spoken dialogue into a written, condensed translation which appears on the screen (Dries, 1995, p. 26).
3. Translating Strategies is a strategy which is used by a translator when she/he encounters a problem while translating a text (Owji, 2013, p.4).
1.7 Organization of Paper
In this section, organization paper will be elaborated and the content of each chapter in the paper is overviewed as follows:
a. Chapter I Introduction: this chapter provides background of the study, scope of the study, research questions, purpose of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the key terms, and also organization of this study.
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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
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b. Chapter II Literary Review: this chapter explains theoretical foundation which provides information to investigate the research problems. The theories are useful to investigate the data findings.
c. Chapter III Methodology: this chapter describes research methods, source, techniques of collecting data, techniques of analyzing data, and synopsis of the movie.
d. Chapter IV Findings and Discussions: this chapter presents the study after conducting the research and obtaining the necessary data that are depicted including the analysis of the data using the theoretical framework.
e. Chapter V Conclusions and Suggestions: this chapter provides the writer’s interpretation of the research findings in the form of conclusions and suggestions.
1.8 Concluding Remark
This chapter has presented some aspects underlying the study including background of the study, statement of problems, purposes of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, clarification of key terms, and organization of the paper. The next section will present some theories relevant to the study.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The previous chapter elaborated the literature review underlying the study. This chapter now will turn to the methodology used in the study. This chapter consists of design of the study, subject of the study, data collection, and data analysis which will be elaborated in the following sections.
3.1 Design of the Study
This study was conducted based on a qualitative method. Qualitative research as defined by Denzin and Lincoln (in Joubish, 2011, p. 2083) is a method which studies the things in the natural setting. In accordance with the article written by Joubish et al. (2011), the qualitative research is aimed to find the reasons and explanations, but not simply the description of the method of research and the sum of its results. This type of research deals with the unstructured information and relies on
the people’s behaviors, attitudes, their value systems, concerns, motivations,
aspirations, and culture or lifestyles. Fraenkel et al. (2012, p. 426) described that qualitative research goes directly to the particular setting of interest to observe and collect the data.
There are six characteristics of qualitative methods (Bogdan and Biklen, 2007). First, the research must be in a natural setting. Second is the key instrument of the research. The research becomes the key instrument of the research, in which the researcher collects the data directly. Third, the research is written in descriptive form and the data is in the form of words rather than number. Fourth, the process of research is more important than outcome. Five, the meaning of the research is the main purpose in the research. Last, the research tends to be inductive. It can be said that the qualitative research does not formulate the hypothesis before testing it out. Thomas (2003, p 3) said that in inductive analysis, the data is determined by both of the research objectives and multiple readings and interpretations of the data. Thus the
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findings are derived from both the research objectives outlined by the researcher and findings arising directly from the analysis of the raw data. Patton (2002, p. 242) concluded that by using the qualitative method, the study inquiry approaches instead of statistical formulas.
In addition, this study employed a descriptive qualitative method. The
qualitative research is considered to be applied to the study’s main purposes that
aimed at collecting the data, and then analyze it for explaining the existing occurrence (Heigham & Crocker, 2009, p. 4).
Descriptive method is a research method that tries to describe phenomenon, occurrence, event, that happens in the present. Creswell (1994) said the descriptive method of research is to gather information about present existing condition. Creswell (2012, p. 274) explained the purpose of descriptive method is to find a detailed explanation and description about the object of the research systematically.
Thus, based on the explanation above, the researcher assumed that a descriptive qualitative method is relevant for this research. The researcher analyzed the subtitles to find the translating strategies used in conducting the subtitles and the quality of the translation (subtitles).
3.2 Subject of the Study
The texts as the primary data of the research were taken from the Indonesian – English subtitles of the movie entitled The Raid: Redemption. The length of the movie is 109 minutes. This movie was released in 2011 under the production house of Merantau Films. The movie was directed by Gareth Evans. The research was limited to analyze the translation strategies that were used in Indonesian and English subtitles of the movie, so that monologues or another language dialogues were not analyzed. There were 324 subtitles were analyzed.
This movie has been chosen because of the practicality, quality of the film, and the purpose of the study itself. This study focuses on both Indonesian and English subtitles. Therefore, the selected movie must provide both of those subtitles. The
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Raid: Redemption movie offers that requirement, because this movie has go international, which means the movie has been aired in many countries. English subtitle is used as the main subtitle before translated into the language of the country. Thus this movie has Indonesian subtitles and English subtitles as well. Moreover, the quality of this film is definitely good because this film has been published in the Toronto International Film Festival (Toronto International Film Festival, TIFF) in 2011 and received The Cadillac People's Choice Midnight Madness Award. Another award given to the film was Best Achievement in Sound Editing nominated in Oscar 2013. While in term of the study’s purposes, the movie’s subtitles have been chosen in order to find out the translating strategies according to Gottlieb’s theory and to
analyze the quality of the subtitles with Larson’ theory.
3.3 Procedure of the Study
There were some material processes done to answer two research questions. In this study, the material process started from watching The Raid: Redemption movie. Then, the researcher transcribed subtitles both in bahasa Indonesia and English. This transcription of subtitles was then used as the primary material in this study.
To answer the first research question, both of the subtitles were read. After that, the transcription of Indonesian and English subtitles were compared. Then the researcher analyzed those subtitles to see what kind of Gottlieb’s translating strategies fit in that subtitles. It was followed by counting the translating strategies.
To answer the second research questions, the English subtitles were analyzed
with Larson’s theory about characteristic of a good translation which consists of natural, accurate, and communicative.
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The analysis of the material in the study was broken into two steps. There are analysis of translating strategies by Gottlieb and analysis of quality of the translation by Larson.
3.4.1 Analysis of Translating Strategies
In this step, the researcher re-typed all of the Indonesian subtitles as well as the English subtitles. Next, the researcher compared both of those subtitles and classified it into the translating strategies. In this case, the main theory that was used to analyze the material was the theory of translating strategies by Gottlieb (as cited in Ghaemi & Benyamin, 2010, p. 42).
Identifying and codifying the material were some steps in the data analysis. Hodinkson (2009) said that identifying and codifying data in qualitative research are important. Codification was done in which the relevant parts of the material are codified after they had been identified. The example of those follows in the following table.
Table 3.1
Examples of Identification and Codification from The Raid: Redemption Subtitles
No. Bahasa Indonesia Dialogues English Subtitles Strategies 1 Jam berapa, sayang? What time is it, sweetheart? Trf1 2 Udah, tidur aja lagi. It's okay, go back to sleep. Par1 3 Iya, tapi kan aku minta
dibangunin.
I know, but I told you to wake
me up. Exp1
4 I love you Aku cinta kamu Trf2
5
Info intelijen yang saya dapatkan, ada bandar narkotik
yang cukup besar.
Intelligence reports, there is
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The codes are the short forms of the translating strategies names — Exp as expansion, Par as paraphrase, Trf as transfer, Imi as imitation, Trc as transcription, Dis as dislocation, Con as condensation, Dec as decimation, Res as resignation, and Del as deletion. Identification and codification were helpful to analyze the material efficiently.
3.4.2 Analysis of Quality of the Translation
After finding out the translating strategies, the next step was analyzed the quality of the translation of subtitles. The researcher still used Indonesian and English
subtitles. The researcher analyzed each dialogue by using Larson’s theory. First, the researcher measured the naturalness of English subtitles. Natural means the translator uses natural form appropriately. It means that the changes that occurred between source text (ST) and target text (TT) may be as close as possible to the meaning of the target text (TT).
Second, the researcher measured the accurateness of English subtitles. Accurate is where the translator translates the text as exact as possible. This means as truly conveying the informational content of the source text to the target text. Third, the researcher measured whether the English subtitles communicative or not. Communicative means the translator clarifies the meaning understandably to the intended receptor.
3.5 Concluding Remark
This chapter has elaborated design of the research, subject of the research, procedure of the research and analysis of the research. In the next chapter, the findings and discussion of the study will be discussed.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents the conclusion derived from the finding and discussions of the study in answering the research questions, and offers the suggestions that should be considered for the next research about translating strategies in the part of suggestion.
5.1 The Conclusions
Every single dialogue from The Raid: Redemption subtitles can be translated by one, two, or even three strategies. It was because the use of some translating strategies depends on word, phrase, or sentence that existed in the dialogue. Therefore, the translating strategies as proposed by Gottlieb (cited in Ghaemi & Benyamin, 2010, p. 42) were greater than the total amount of the dialogues. The translating strategies were 454, whereas the amounts of the total dialogues were 324.
The analysis of the translation showed that among all of the translating strategies, paraphrase was the most frequently used strategy, which was applied 165 times. Basically, it was applied in order to get greater clarity when the dialogues had difficult constructions of syntactic form. It was also applied when honorific terms were changed into personal pronouns because they were not really familiar with the target viewers. It became the mostly strategy used because in the material there were much replacement of syntactic form from source text to the applicable syntactic form of target text and there were some replacement of proper noun in the source text into personal pronoun in the target text. Translator preferred to use this strategy instead of others might be because of the syntactic form of the source text. If it is not translated by paraphrase, it will make a disorganized syntactic form of target text.
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The second-mostly used strategy was transfer strategy that was used 143 times. This strategy is used by maintaining the source text as accurately as possible into the target text. It was discovered that this strategy was used if the dialogues were short-length dialogues or medium-length dialogues. This is why in this movie transfer strategy got the second-mostly-used strategy because this movie has much of short-length dialogues.
Expansion strategy was positioned in the third place as the third-mostly used strategy with the use of 44 times. From the material, expansion strategy was found in the dialogue which added personal pronoun in the subtitle. This strategy also can be found when a word that was not appearing in the source text then was added to the target text. Moreover, it could also be applied when a swear word added in the translation. It included in the top-three strategies that frequently used because there were so many personal pronouns additions in target language. It added personal pronouns as the requirement of target text because of the syntactic form of target text. It will be a nonstandard sentence if personal pronouns were not added into it.
The fourth-mostly used strategy was dislocation strategy which was appeared 43 times. Dislocation strategy deals with achieving effect between the source text and the target text with different expression. From the material, dislocation strategy was used for the swear word. This movie used many dislocation strategy to render the swear word in the source text to the swear word in the target text because the movie was in high tension, thus the swear word widely used in the movie.
Condensation strategy was used 27 times, automatically it was the fifth-mostly strategy used in the translation. In the translation, condensation strategy was used if the subtitles occurred in short speeches. Some parts were deleted in order to fit
another subtitle’s occurrence time. This strategy was adopted by omitting word,
clause, and deleting repetition of words. For addition, repetition of words was often found in the material then condensation was chosen to translate it. Contrary to the statement by Gottlieb (cited in Eriksen, 2010, p. 68) that generally the mostly
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strategies used in translating the subtitle is condensation. This might be influenced by the displacement of dialogue between the actors. The displacement of dialogue between the actors in this movie was not too fast, thus condensation strategy was not become the most frequently used.
Imitation strategy was the sixth-mostly strategy used in the material with 18 times occurrences. It was very easy to identify expressions that were translated with imitation strategy as long as there were the same expression of names of people, places, or greeting in both source text and target text. The analysis of the translation showed that imitation strategy was only performed if the dialogues mentioned names of people. However, none of the use of this strategy was for name of place and greeting. This strategy was not very often used considering the dialogue of this film that was not much mentioned the name of people, place, or greeting.
The seventh-mostly used strategy was resignation which was found 7 times. This strategy occurred because sometimes there is element in source text that is cannot be created with the same effect in target text language. As Taylor (2000, p. 10) described that the strategy adopted when no translation solution can be found and meaning is inevitably lost. This strategy is rarely used due to the lack of untranslatable elements in the source text.
Decimation strategy is placed in the eighth position with 5 times occurrence. The translation showed that decimation strategy was applied if the dialogues speed were fast and if the dialogues length is short or medium. This strategy was done by deleting some parts of the dialogues. This strategy is slightly used because the dialogue between actors was not fast, yet it generally was medium.
The bottom-two strategies that were used in the material were deletion strategy and transcription strategy. The least-used strategy was deletion that was applied twice. In the translation, it was found that most of the dialogues that were deleted are short dialogue. It happened when a word or phrase from source text
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cannot be translated well in the target text, and if the word or phrase is removed, it will not change the contents of the entire text. Unfortunately, transcription strategy was not used at all in the subtitles. It happened because there was no anomalous speech in the material.
The quality of translating subtitle was good. The translation was fulfilled the criteria of a good translation by Larson (cited in Anari and Bouali, 2009, p. 80). The criteria were natural, accurate, and communicative. In the translation, there were some misunderstanding translations, yet it could be tolerated considering the entire text that could be understood well although there were some errors.
5.2 Suggestion
Based on the study, there are some suggestions for the next researchers who are interested in analyzing translating strategies. Below are the suggestions about what should be considered in researching the translating strategies based on the experience in conducting present research.
The first thing to be considered is selecting the data material. Choose the preferred material of the researcher or the material which has personal relationship with the researcher, because it will provide an overview to the researchers about what the research finding would be and it can make the process of analyzing easier and faster.
The next step is compiling theoretical foundation as much as possible, in order to help the researcher in analyzing the material. In conducting the research, the researcher sometime should find the supporting theories to enhance the findings which not only from translating literature.
After analyzing the research, the next move is presenting the findings and discussions. It should be written well-structured to avoid reader getting confused. Then, in order to make the reader obviously understand what the research is talking
(27)
about, it is really important for the researcher to explain the research clearly. Furthermore, the researcher should focus on what should be investigated and answer what are questioning in the research questions.
Last, this research used Gottlieb’s theory as the main theory in conducting the
research. Thus, it is recommended for further studies to used the other theory to
compare Gottlieb’s theory to other, and to prove whether the most frequent strategy is the same with Gottlieb’s theory or not.
(28)
56 Denna Aulia Rusianty, 2015
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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Canning-Wilson, C., & Wallace, J. (2000). Practical aspects of using video in the foreign language classroom. The Internet TESL Journal, 6, 36-31. Retrieved from http://iteslj.org/Articles/Canning-Video.html
Cheshire, J. (1999). Spoken standard english. In Bex, T & Watts, R. J. (Ed.). Standard English the widening debate. London: Routledge.
Chiaro, D. (2009). Issues in audiovisual translation. in Munday, J (Ed.). The routledge companion to translation studies (p. 143-151). New York: Routledge.
Cintas, J. (2001). Striving for quality in subtitling: the role of a good dialogue List. In Gambier, Y. and Gottlieb, H. (Ed.). (Multi) Media Translation (p. 199 – 211). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Cintas, J. (2003). Audiovisual translation in the third millennium. In G. Anderman & M. Rogers (Ed.), Translation today: Trends and perspectives (p. 192-204). Sydney: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Cintas, J. D., & Anderman, G. (2009). Audiovisual translation language transfer on screen. London: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
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(30)
58 Denna Aulia Rusianty, 2015
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Edwards, A. D. (1957). Language in culture and class. London: Heinemann
Eriksen, M. H. (2010). Translating the use of slang. (Master thesis, Aarhus
University, Denmark). Retrieved from
http://pure.au.dk//portal/files/13200/Specialeafhandling.pdf
Fraenkel, J. R, Norman, E. W, & Helen, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: Mc-Graw Hill Inc.
Georgakopoulou, P. (2009). Subtitling for the DVD industry. In Diaz Cintas, J., & Anderman, G. (Ed.), Audiovisual translation: Language transfer on screen (pp. 21-35). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ghaemi, F., & Benyamin, J. (2010). Strategies used in the translation of interlingual subtitling. Journal of English Studies, 1(1), 39-49. Retrieved from: www.sid.ir/En?VEWSSID/J_pdf/1024220100103.pdf
Gottlieb, H. (1992). Subtitling - a new university discipline. In Dollerup, C., & Loddegaard, A. (Ed.). Teaching translation and interpreting: training, talent and experience (p. 161 – 170). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gottlieb, H. (2005). Multidimensional translation: semantics turned semiotics. EU-High-Level Scientific Conference Series. Retrieved from www.euroconferences.info/proceedings/2005_Proceedings/2005_Gottlieb_He nrik.pdf
Hamaida, L. (2007). Subtitling slang and dialect. Multidimensional Translation
Conference, 1, 1-11. Retrieved from
http://www.euroconferences.info/proceedings/2007_Proceedings/2007_Hamai dia_Lena.pdf
Hatim, B & Munday, J. (2004). Translation an advance resource book. New York: Routledge.
Hauglund, S. A. T. (2011). Achieving equivalent effect in translation of African American vernacular English: domestication versus foreignization. (Master Thesis, University of Oslo, Norway). Retrieved from https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/25308
(31)
Heigham, J., & Crocker, R.A. (2009). Qualitative research in applied linguistics: a practical introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hosseinnia, M. (2014). Strategies in subtitling english cartoons or animations. International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW). 5 (3), 128-135. Retrieved from
http://www.ijllalw.org/finalversion5311.pdf.
Ivarsson, J. (1992). Subtitling for the media: A handbook of an Art. Stockholm: Transedit.
Ivarsson, J., & Carroll, M. (1998). Subtitling. Simrishamn: TransEdit.
James, K. (2002). Cultural implications for translation. Translation Journal, 9 (4). Retrieved from http://www.translationjournal.net/journal/22delight.htm.
Jaskanen, S. (1999). On the inside track to Loserville USA: Strategies used in translating humour in two Finnish versions of Reality Bites. (Doctoral Thesis,
University of Helsinki). Retrieved from
http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/engla/pg/jaskanen/ch2.html
Joubish, M. F., Khurram, M. A., Ahmed, A., Fatima, S. T., & Haider, K. (2011). Paradigms and characteristics of a good qualitative research. World Applied
Science Journal. 12 (11), 2082 – 2087. Retrieved from
http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj12(11)/23.pdf
Kelly, D. (2005). A handbook for translator trainers: A guide to reflective practice. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome.
Kolawole, S. O., & Salawu, A. (2008). The literary translator and the concept of fidelity Translation Journal, 12 (4). Retrieved from http://translationjournal.net/journal/46lit.htm
Koolstra, C. M. & Beentjes, J. W. J. (1999). Children vocabulary acquisition in a foreign language through watching subtitled television programs at home. Educational Technology Research and Development, 47(1), 51-60. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ586228
(32)
60 Denna Aulia Rusianty, 2015
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Kuhiwczak, P & Littau, K. (2007). A companion to translation studies. UK: Cromwell Press Ltd.
Larson, M. L. (1984). Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language equivalence. Lanham Md: University Press of America.
Leonardi, V. (2008). Increasing or decreasing the sense of “otherness”: the role of
audiovisual translation in the process of social integration, in Christopher, T. (Ed.). The role of e-corpora in translation and language learning,
(p.158-172). Retrieved from
www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077//1/8Leonardi.pdf
Lin, Y. C. (2009). The effects of visual aids and text types on listening comprehension. Taipei: Taiwan Normal University
Luyken, G.M., Herbst, T., Langham-Brown, J., Reid, H. & Spinhof, H., (1991), Overcoming language barriers in television: dubbing and subtitling for the European audience. Manchester: European Institute for the Media.
Massoud, M. F. (1988). Translate to communicate, a guide for translation. New York: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Miremadi, S.A. (1991). Theories of translation and interpretation. Tehran: SAMT Publication.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing translation studies: theories and applications. London: Routledge.
Munday, J. (2009). The routledge companion to translation studies (Revised Ed.). USA: Routledge.
Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Hertforeshide: Prentice Hall International Ltd.
Nida, E. A. (1964). Towards a science of translation, with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Leiden: Brill.
Nida, E. A. (1971). Semantic components in translation theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(33)
O’Connell, E. (2007). Screen translation. In Kuhiwczak, P & Littau, Kc, (Ed.). A companion to translation studies (p. 120-133). Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Ordudari, M. 2008. Good translation: art, craft, or science. Translation Journal, 12 (1), Retrieved from http://translationjournal.net/journal/43theory.htm
Orero, P. (2004). Topics in audiovisual translation. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Owji, Z. (2013). Translation strategies: A review and comparison of theories.
Translation Journal. 17 (1), Retrieved from
http://translationjournal.net/journal/63theory.htm.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. USA: Sage Publication Inc.
Pozdilkova, H. (2012). Specification and generalization in student translation
(Master’s diploma thesis, Masaryk University, Czech Republic). Retrieved from is.muni.cz/th/384476/ff_m/diploma_thesis.pdf
Reich, P. (2006). The film and the book in translation (Master’s diploma thesis, Masaryk University, Czech Republic). Retrieved from http://is.muni.cz/th/64544/ff_m/Diploma_prace.doc
Robinson, D. (2007). Becoming a Translator An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Translation Second Edition. New York: Routledge.
Rokni, A. S. A., & Ataee, A. J. (2014). The effect of movie subtitles on EFL learners’ oral performance. International Journal of English Language, Literature, and Humanities, 1(5), 2321 – 7065. Retrieved from http://ijellh.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Effect-of-Movie-Subtitles-on-EFL-LearnersOral-Performance.pdf.
Sakellariou, P. (2012). The semiotic status of interlingual subtitling. Greece: Meta. Schjoldager, A. (2008). Understanding translation. Aarhus: Academica.
Spanakaki. K. (2007). Translating humor for subtitling. Translation Journal, 11(2). Retrieved from http://translationjournal.net/journal/40humor.htm.
(34)
62 Denna Aulia Rusianty, 2015
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Taylor, C. H. (2000). The subtitling of film: reaching another community. In Ventola,
E. (Ed.) Retrieved from
http:/claweb.cla.unipd.it/citatal/documenti/Trieste/subtitling.rtf.
Torop, P. (2002). Translation as translating as culture. Retrieved from http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/sss/pdf/torop302.
Venutti, L. (2000). The translation studies reader. London: Routledge.
Wild, D., Grove, A., Martin, M., Eremenco, S., McElroy, S., Verjee-Lorenz, A., & Erikson, P. (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ispor task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in Health 8
(2), 94 – 104. Retrieved from
https://www.ispor.org/workpaper/research_practices/PROtranslation_adaptati on.pdf
Yang, W. (2010). Brief study on domestication and foreignization in translation. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1 (1), 77-80. Retrieved from http://ojs.academypublisher.com/index.php/jltr/article/viewFile
Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2009). Subtitle translation strategies as a reflection of technical
limitations: a case study of ang lee’s films. Asian Social Science, 5 (1). Retrieved from: www.ccsenet.org/journal.html.
(1)
Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: An
introduction to theories and methods (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
Caimi, A. (2006). Translation and language learning: The promotion of intralingual subtitles. The Journal of Specialised Translation. 6 (7), 85-98. Retrieved from http://www.jostrans.org/issue06/art_caimi.pdf.
Canning-Wilson, C., & Wallace, J. (2000). Practical aspects of using video in the foreign language classroom. The Internet TESL Journal, 6, 36-31. Retrieved from http://iteslj.org/Articles/Canning-Video.html
Cheshire, J. (1999). Spoken standard english. In Bex, T & Watts, R. J. (Ed.).
Standard English the widening debate. London: Routledge.
Chiaro, D. (2009). Issues in audiovisual translation. in Munday, J (Ed.). The
routledge companion to translation studies (p. 143-151). New York:
Routledge.
Cintas, J. (2001). Striving for quality in subtitling: the role of a good dialogue List. In Gambier, Y. and Gottlieb, H. (Ed.). (Multi) Media Translation (p. 199 – 211).
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Cintas, J. (2003). Audiovisual translation in the third millennium. In G. Anderman & M. Rogers (Ed.), Translation today: Trends and perspectives (p. 192-204). Sydney: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Cintas, J. D., & Anderman, G. (2009). Audiovisual translation language transfer on
screen. London: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: qualitative and quantitative approaches. USA: SAGE Publication Inc.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: planning, conduction, and evaluating
quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
De Linde, Z., & Kay, N. (1999). The Semiotics of Subtitling. Manchester: St. Jerome Dries, J. (1995), Dubbing and subtitling: guidelines for production and distribution,
Düsseldorf: European Institute for the Media.
(2)
Edwards, A. D. (1957). Language in culture and class. London: Heinemann
Eriksen, M. H. (2010). Translating the use of slang. (Master thesis, Aarhus
University, Denmark). Retrieved from
http://pure.au.dk//portal/files/13200/Specialeafhandling.pdf
Fraenkel, J. R, Norman, E. W, & Helen, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate
research in education. New York: Mc-Graw Hill Inc.
Georgakopoulou, P. (2009). Subtitling for the DVD industry. In Diaz Cintas, J., & Anderman, G. (Ed.), Audiovisual translation: Language transfer on screen
(pp. 21-35). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ghaemi, F., & Benyamin, J. (2010). Strategies used in the translation of interlingual subtitling. Journal of English Studies, 1(1), 39-49. Retrieved from: www.sid.ir/En?VEWSSID/J_pdf/1024220100103.pdf
Gottlieb, H. (1992). Subtitling - a new university discipline. In Dollerup, C., & Loddegaard, A. (Ed.). Teaching translation and interpreting: training, talent
and experience (p. 161 – 170). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gottlieb, H. (2005). Multidimensional translation: semantics turned semiotics.
EU-High-Level Scientific Conference Series. Retrieved from www.euroconferences.info/proceedings/2005_Proceedings/2005_Gottlieb_He nrik.pdf
Hamaida, L. (2007). Subtitling slang and dialect. Multidimensional Translation
Conference, 1, 1-11. Retrieved from
http://www.euroconferences.info/proceedings/2007_Proceedings/2007_Hamai dia_Lena.pdf
Hatim, B & Munday, J. (2004). Translation an advance resource book. New York: Routledge.
Hauglund, S. A. T. (2011). Achieving equivalent effect in translation of African
American vernacular English: domestication versus foreignization. (Master
Thesis, University of Oslo, Norway). Retrieved from
(3)
Heigham, J., & Crocker, R.A. (2009). Qualitative research in applied linguistics: a
practical introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hosseinnia, M. (2014). Strategies in subtitling english cartoons or animations.
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World (IJLLALW). 5 (3), 128-135. Retrieved from http://www.ijllalw.org/finalversion5311.pdf.
Ivarsson, J. (1992). Subtitling for the media: A handbook of an Art. Stockholm: Transedit.
Ivarsson, J., & Carroll, M. (1998). Subtitling. Simrishamn: TransEdit.
James, K. (2002). Cultural implications for translation. Translation Journal, 9 (4). Retrieved from http://www.translationjournal.net/journal/22delight.htm.
Jaskanen, S. (1999). On the inside track to Loserville USA: Strategies used in
translating humour in two Finnish versions of Reality Bites. (Doctoral Thesis,
University of Helsinki). Retrieved from
http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/engla/pg/jaskanen/ch2.html
Joubish, M. F., Khurram, M. A., Ahmed, A., Fatima, S. T., & Haider, K. (2011). Paradigms and characteristics of a good qualitative research. World Applied
Science Journal. 12 (11), 2082 – 2087. Retrieved from http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj12(11)/23.pdf
Kelly, D. (2005). A handbook for translator trainers: A guide to reflective practice. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome.
Kolawole, S. O., & Salawu, A. (2008). The literary translator and the concept of
fidelity Translation Journal, 12 (4). Retrieved from
http://translationjournal.net/journal/46lit.htm
Koolstra, C. M. & Beentjes, J. W. J. (1999). Children vocabulary acquisition in a foreign language through watching subtitled television programs at home.
Educational Technology Research and Development, 47(1), 51-60. Retrieved
from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ586228
(4)
Kuhiwczak, P & Littau, K. (2007). A companion to translation studies. UK: Cromwell Press Ltd.
Larson, M. L. (1984). Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language
equivalence. Lanham Md: University Press of America.
Leonardi, V. (2008). Increasing or decreasing the sense of “otherness”: the role of audiovisual translation in the process of social integration, in Christopher, T. (Ed.). The role of e-corpora in translation and language learning,
(p.158-172). Retrieved from
www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077//1/8Leonardi.pdf
Lin, Y. C. (2009). The effects of visual aids and text types on listening
comprehension. Taipei: Taiwan Normal University
Luyken, G.M., Herbst, T., Langham-Brown, J., Reid, H. & Spinhof, H., (1991),
Overcoming language barriers in television: dubbing and subtitling for the European audience. Manchester: European Institute for the Media.
Massoud, M. F. (1988). Translate to communicate, a guide for translation. New York: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Miremadi, S.A. (1991). Theories of translation and interpretation. Tehran: SAMT Publication.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing translation studies: theories and applications. London: Routledge.
Munday, J. (2009). The routledge companion to translation studies (Revised Ed.). USA: Routledge.
Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Hertforeshide: Prentice Hall International Ltd.
Nida, E. A. (1964). Towards a science of translation, with special reference to
principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Leiden: Brill.
Nida, E. A. (1971). Semantic components in translation theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(5)
O’Connell, E. (2007). Screen translation. In Kuhiwczak, P & Littau, Kc, (Ed.). A companion to translation studies (p. 120-133). Toronto: Multilingual Matters
Ltd.
Ordudari, M. 2008. Good translation: art, craft, or science. Translation Journal, 12 (1), Retrieved from http://translationjournal.net/journal/43theory.htm
Orero, P. (2004). Topics in audiovisual translation. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Owji, Z. (2013). Translation strategies: A review and comparison of theories.
Translation Journal. 17 (1), Retrieved from http://translationjournal.net/journal/63theory.htm.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. USA: Sage Publication Inc.
Pozdilkova, H. (2012). Specification and generalization in student translation (Master’s diploma thesis, Masaryk University, Czech Republic). Retrieved from is.muni.cz/th/384476/ff_m/diploma_thesis.pdf
Reich, P. (2006). The film and the book in translation (Master’s diploma thesis,
Masaryk University, Czech Republic). Retrieved from
http://is.muni.cz/th/64544/ff_m/Diploma_prace.doc
Robinson, D. (2007). Becoming a Translator An Introduction to the Theory and
Practice of Translation Second Edition. New York: Routledge.
Rokni, A. S. A., & Ataee, A. J. (2014). The effect of movie subtitles on EFL learners’ oral performance. International Journal of English Language,
Literature, and Humanities, 1(5), 2321 – 7065. Retrieved from http://ijellh.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Effect-of-Movie-Subtitles-on-EFL-LearnersOral-Performance.pdf.
Sakellariou, P. (2012). The semiotic status of interlingual subtitling. Greece: Meta. Schjoldager, A. (2008). Understanding translation. Aarhus: Academica.
Spanakaki. K. (2007). Translating humor for subtitling. Translation Journal, 11(2). Retrieved from http://translationjournal.net/journal/40humor.htm.
(6)
Taylor, C. H. (2000). The subtitling of film: reaching another community. In Ventola,
E. (Ed.) Retrieved from
http:/claweb.cla.unipd.it/citatal/documenti/Trieste/subtitling.rtf.
Torop, P. (2002). Translation as translating as culture. Retrieved from http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/sss/pdf/torop302.
Venutti, L. (2000). The translation studies reader. London: Routledge.
Wild, D., Grove, A., Martin, M., Eremenco, S., McElroy, S., Verjee-Lorenz, A., & Erikson, P. (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ispor task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in Health 8
(2), 94 – 104. Retrieved from
https://www.ispor.org/workpaper/research_practices/PROtranslation_adaptati on.pdf
Yang, W. (2010). Brief study on domestication and foreignization in translation.
Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1 (1), 77-80. Retrieved from
http://ojs.academypublisher.com/index.php/jltr/article/viewFile
Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2009). Subtitle translation strategies as a reflection of technical limitations: a case study of ang lee’s films. Asian Social Science, 5 (1). Retrieved from: www.ccsenet.org/journal.html.