Nilai Diagnostik Dan Korelasi Rasio Neutrofil-Limfosit Dengan Serum Procalcitonin Sebagai Biomarker Infeksi Bakteri Pasien Sepsis Di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Adam Malik
Daftar Pustaka
1.
Angus, Walter T, Zwirble L, Derek C. Severe sepsis epidemiology: sampling, selection,
and society. Care, Critical. USA : Critical Care. 2004;. 8:222-6.
2.
De Jager CP, van Wijk PT, Mathoera RB, de Jongh-Leuvenink J, van der Poll T, Wever
PC. Lymphocytopenia and neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio predict bacteremia better
than conventional infection markers in an emergency care unit. Crit Care. 2010; 14:
192.
3.
Wyllie DH, Bowler IC, Peto TE: Bacteraemia prediction in emergency medical
admissions: role of C reactive protein. J ClinPathol. 2005; 58:352-6.
4.
Ho KM, Lipman J. An update on C-reactive protein for intensivists. Anaesth Intensive
Care. 2009; 37: 234-41.
5.
Chalupa P, Beran O, Herwald H, Kaspříková N, Holub M. Evaluation of potential
biomarkers for the discrimination of bacterial and viral infections. Infection. 2011; 39:
411-7.
6.
Jilma B, Blann A, Pernerstorfer T, Stohlawetz P. et al. Regulation of adhesion
molecules during human endotoxaemia. Amer. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 1999;159: 85763.
7.
Ayala A, Herndon C, Lehman D, et al. Differential induction of apoptosis in lymphoid
tissue during sepsis: Variation in onset, frequency and nature of the mediators. Blood.
1996;87:4261-75.
8.
Hotchkiss R.S., Swanson P.E., Freeman B.D. et al.: Apoptotic cell death in patients
with sepsis, shock and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit. Care Med.1999;27: 1230-51.
9.
Yoon NB, Son C, Um SJ. Role of the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Count Ratio in the
Differential Diagnosis between Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Bacterial CommunityAcquired Pneumonia. Ann Lab Med. 2013;33:105-10.
10.
Holub M, Beran O, Kaspříková N, Chalupa P. Neutrophil to lymphocyte count ratio as
a biomarker of bacterial infections. Cent. Eur. J. Med.2011; DOI: 10.2478/s11536-0120002-3.
11.
Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the
United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. [book auth.]
Crit Care Med. Crit Care Med . s.l. : Crit Care Med , 2001;29:1303-10.
84
Universitas Sumatera Utara
12.
Siner JM. Sepsis: Definitions, Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathogenesis. [book auth.]
Chest. Chest. s.l. : Chest, 2009.
13.
Annane Djillali, Bellissant Eric, Cavaillon Jean-Marc. Septic shock. [book auth.] The
Lancet. The Lancet. s.l. : The Lancet. 2005: 365.
14.
Sri, Sunarmiasih. In Sepsis : Pencetus gagal organ dan upaya penanggulannya. . [book
auth.] Indonesian Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. Indonesian Journal of Intensive
Care Medicine. s.l. : Indonesian Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 2011:25-33.
15.
Muszynski JA and Hall
MW. Sepsis-induced Innate and Adaptive Immune
SuppressionThe Open Inflammation Journal. 2011;4 (1): 67-73.
16.
JA., Russel. Management of sepsis. [book auth.] N Engl. J. Med. N Engl. J. Med. s.l. :
N Engl. J. Med. 2006 :1699-713.
17.
Filho JCA, Spiller F, Cunha FQ. Neutrophil paralysis in sepsis. Shock. 2010; 34(1) :1521.
18.
Craig A, Mai J, CaiS ,JeyaseelanS. Neutrophil Recruitment to the Lungs during
Bacterial Pneumonia. Infect. Immun. 2009; 77(2):568.
19.
Marshall JC. Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis. Critical Care Canada
Forum.2012 .
20.
Taneja R,Parodo J, Jia SH, Kapus A, Rotstein OD, Marshal JC. Delayed neutrophil
apoptosis in sepsis is associated with maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane
potential and reduced caspase-9 activity.Crit Care Med.2004;32(7) :1460.
21.
Fialkow L, Filho LF, Bozzetti MC, Milani AR, Filho EMR,Ladniuk RM, et.al.
Neutrophil apoptosis: a marker of disease severity in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute
respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care. 2006; 10(6) :155-68.
22.
Appelberg R: Neutrophils and intracellular pathogens: beyond phagocytosis and killing.
Trends Microbiology. 2007; 15(2):87-92.
23.
Benjamin CF, Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ: Role of nitric oxide in the failure ofneutrophil
migration in sepsis. J Infect Dis.2000;182(1):214-23.
24.
Alves-Filho JC, de Freitas A, Russo M, Cunha FQ: Toll-like receptor-4 signalingleads
to neutrophil migration impairment in polymicrobial sepsis. CritCare Med. 2006;
34(2):461-70.
25.
Holub M, Klucˇkova Z, Helcl M, Hodov JP,Rokyta R, Beran O. Lymphocyte subset
numbers depend on the bacterial origin of sepsis. ClinMicrobiol Infect 2003; 9: 202–11.
85
Universitas Sumatera Utara
26.
Volk HD, Reinke P, Docke WD. Clinical aspects:from systemic inflammation to
‘immunoparalysis’.ChemImmunol 2000; 74: 162–77.
27.
Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Swanson PE et al.Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes
progressive profounddepletion of B and CD4þ T-lymphocytes inhuman. J Immunol
2001; 166: 6952–63.
28.
Cheadle WG, Pemberton MR, Robinson D, LivingstonDH, Rodriguez JL, Pokl HC.
Lymphocyte subsets responses to trauma and sepsis. J Trauma. 1993; 35: 844–9.
29.
Hotchkiss
RS.Osmon
SB,Chang
KC,
Wagner
TH,.Coopersmith
CM,.
Karl
IE.Accelerated Lymphocyte Death in Sepsis Occurs by both the Death Receptor and
Mitochondrial Pathways. J Immunol.2005; 174:5110-18.
30.
Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Swanson PE, et al. Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes
progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T-lymphocytes in humans. J Immunol.
2001; 166: 6952-63.
31.
Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Karl IE. Role of apoptotic cell death in sepsis. Scand J
Infect Dis.2003; 35: 585-92.
32.
Tulzo L, Pangault YC, Gacouin A,Guilloux V, Tribut O, L. AmiotL,et.al. Early
circulating lymphocyte apoptosis in human septic shock is associated withpoor
outcome. Shock. 2002; 18: 487-94.
33.
Felmet KA, Hall MW, Clark RS, Jaffe R, Carcillo JA. Prolonged lymphopenia,
lymphoid depletion, and hypoprolactinemia in children with nosocomial sepsis and
multiple organ failure. JImmunol. 2005; 174: 3765-72.
34.
Balci C, Sungurtekin H, Gurses E. et.al. Usefullness of Procalcitonin for Diagnosis of
Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit. Critical care,2003;7:85-90.
35.
Crain MC,Mu¨ller B. Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to
antibiotic prescription,prognostic markers and mediators Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 556–73
36.
Crain MC,Mu¨ller B. Procalcitonin in bacterial infections –hype, hope, more or less?
Swiss med.2005; 135 : 451 – 60.
37.
Gilbert D, Use of Plasma Procalcitonin levels as an adjunct to Clinical Microbiology.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2010 july;48(7):2325-29.
38.
Crain MC,Mu¨ller B. Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to
antibiotic prescription, prognostic markers an mediators. Eur Respir J. 2007;30:556-73.
39.
Kibe S, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis in critical care. J
Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(S2):33-40.
86
Universitas Sumatera Utara
40.
Schuetz P, et al. Procalcitonin for diagnosis of infection and guide to antibiotic
decisions: past, present and future. BMC Medicine. 2011;9:107.
41.
O’connor E, Venkatesh B, Lipman J. Procalcitonin in Critical illness. Crit Care and
Resucitation. 2001; 3: 236- 43.
42.
Simon L. Gauvin F, Amre DK, Saint-Louis P, Lacroix J. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004, 39 :
206- 17.
43.
Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy
in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2006 Jul 1;174(1):84-93. PMID: 16603606.
44.
Soni NJ, Samson DJ, Galaydick JL, Vats V, Pitrak DL, Aronson N. ProcalcitoninGuided Antibiotic Therapy. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 78. (Prepared by
the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center Evidencebased Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10058-I.) AHRQ Publication No.
12(13)-EHC124-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
October 2012. www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm.
45.
Delèvaux, André M, Colombier M, Albuisson E, Meylheuc F, Bègue RJ, et.al. Can
Procalcitonin measurement help in differentiating between bacterial infection and other
kinds of inflammatory processes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:337–40.
46.
Chirouze C. et al., Low serum procalcitonin level accurately predicts the absence of
bacteremia in adult patients with acute fever, CID. 2002; 35(2): 156-61.
47.
Nakamura A,Wada H,Ikejiri M, Hatada T, Sakurai H, Matsushima Y. Efficacy of
procalcitonin in the early diagnosis of Bacterial infections in a critical care unit. Shock,
2009;31(6): 586-91.
48.
Tokuda Y, Miyasato H, Stein GH. A simple prediction algorithm for bacteremia in
patients with acute febrile illness.Q J Med. 2005;98:813-20.
49.
Riedel S, Melendez JH, Amanda T. Rosenbaum JE, Zenilman JM. Procalcitonin as a
Marker for the Detection of Bacteremia and Sepsis in the Emergency Department. Am J
Clin Pathol. 2011;135:182-9.
50.
Reith HB, Mittelkotter U, Wagner R. Procalcitonin in patients with abdominal sepsis.
Intensive Care Med, 2000 Mar; 26 Suppl 2:165-9.
51.
Benoist JF,Mimoz O, Assicot M, Edouard A.Serum Procalcitonin,not C-Reactive
Protein identifies sepsis in trauma patients. Clin Chem.1998;44:1778-9.
87
Universitas Sumatera Utara
52.
Meisner M, Adna H, Schmidt J. Correlation of Procalcitonin and C-Reactive Protein to
inflammation, complications, and outcome during the Intensive Care Unit course of
multiple-trauma patients. Critical Care.2006;10(1):1.
53.
Aikawa N, Fujishima S, Sekine SEI, Kogawa K, Yamamoto Y, Kushimoto S, et.al.
Multicenter prospective study of procalcitonin as an indicator of sepsis. J Infect
Chemotherapy.2005; 11:152–9.
54.
Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy
in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2006 Jul 1;174(1):84-93. PMID: 16603606.
55.
Zahorec R. Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts--rapid and simple parameter of
systemic inflammation and stress in critically ill. Bratisl Lek Listy.2001;102:5-14.
56.
Wyllie DH, Bowler IC, Peto TE (2004) Relation between lymphopenia and bacteraemia
in UK adults with medical emergencies. J Clin Pathol. 57: 950–5.)
57.
Goodman DA, Goodman CB, Monk JS: Use of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio in the
diagnosis of appendisitis. Am Surg. 1995; 61:257-9.
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aging and nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8:56-63.
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Sarraf KM, Belcher E, Raevsky E, Nicholson AG, Goldstraw P, Lim E:
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P, Siegel AB, Brown RS Jr, Emond JC: Negative impact of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio
on outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2009,
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Walsh SR, Cook EJ, Goulder F, Justin TA, Keeling NJ: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as
a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2005, 91:181-4.
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Buchan KG, El-Shafei H, Hillis GS: Preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and
outcome from coronary artery bypass grafting. Am Heart J. 2007; 154:995-1002.
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Yazıcı M, Özk ısacık S, Öztan MO, Gü rsoy H. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in the
diagnosis of childhood appendisitis. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics. 2010; 52: 400-3.
88
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65.
Ishizuka M, Shimizu T, Kubota K. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Has a Close
Association With Gangrenous Appendisitis in Patients Undergoing Appendectomy. Int
Surg 2012;97:299–304.
66.
De Jager CPC, Wever PC, Gemen EFA, Kusters R, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, et al.
(2012) The Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Count Ratio in Patients with Community-Acquired
Pneumonia. PLoS ONE 7(10): e46561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046561,6.
67.
Terradas R, Grau S, Blanch J, Riu M, Saballs P, et al. (2012) Eosinophil Count and
Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Count Ratio as Prognostic Markers in Patients with
Bacteremia:
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biomarker of severe sepsis in Escherichia coli infections in adults.Critical Care. 2013;
17(Suppl 2):25.
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high NLR levels have increased risk of short term mortality. J. Exp. Clin. Med.2013;
30:129-32.
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71.
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Bacteria Directly from Clinical Specimens following Initiation of Antimicrobial
Treatment. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(6): e66349. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066349.
72.
Gedalia A, Shetty AK. Chronic Steroid and Immunosuppressant Therapy in Children.
Pediatrics in Review.2004;25:425-33.
73.
Imtiaz et al.: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio as a measure of systemic inflammation in
prevalent chronic diseases in Asian population. International Archives of Medicine
2012; 5:2.
74.
Fraser T, Tilyard M. Complete blood count in primary care.BPAC better medicine.may
2008. download from www.bpac.org.nz.
89
Universitas Sumatera Utara
1.
Angus, Walter T, Zwirble L, Derek C. Severe sepsis epidemiology: sampling, selection,
and society. Care, Critical. USA : Critical Care. 2004;. 8:222-6.
2.
De Jager CP, van Wijk PT, Mathoera RB, de Jongh-Leuvenink J, van der Poll T, Wever
PC. Lymphocytopenia and neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio predict bacteremia better
than conventional infection markers in an emergency care unit. Crit Care. 2010; 14:
192.
3.
Wyllie DH, Bowler IC, Peto TE: Bacteraemia prediction in emergency medical
admissions: role of C reactive protein. J ClinPathol. 2005; 58:352-6.
4.
Ho KM, Lipman J. An update on C-reactive protein for intensivists. Anaesth Intensive
Care. 2009; 37: 234-41.
5.
Chalupa P, Beran O, Herwald H, Kaspříková N, Holub M. Evaluation of potential
biomarkers for the discrimination of bacterial and viral infections. Infection. 2011; 39:
411-7.
6.
Jilma B, Blann A, Pernerstorfer T, Stohlawetz P. et al. Regulation of adhesion
molecules during human endotoxaemia. Amer. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 1999;159: 85763.
7.
Ayala A, Herndon C, Lehman D, et al. Differential induction of apoptosis in lymphoid
tissue during sepsis: Variation in onset, frequency and nature of the mediators. Blood.
1996;87:4261-75.
8.
Hotchkiss R.S., Swanson P.E., Freeman B.D. et al.: Apoptotic cell death in patients
with sepsis, shock and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit. Care Med.1999;27: 1230-51.
9.
Yoon NB, Son C, Um SJ. Role of the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Count Ratio in the
Differential Diagnosis between Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Bacterial CommunityAcquired Pneumonia. Ann Lab Med. 2013;33:105-10.
10.
Holub M, Beran O, Kaspříková N, Chalupa P. Neutrophil to lymphocyte count ratio as
a biomarker of bacterial infections. Cent. Eur. J. Med.2011; DOI: 10.2478/s11536-0120002-3.
11.
Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the
United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. [book auth.]
Crit Care Med. Crit Care Med . s.l. : Crit Care Med , 2001;29:1303-10.
84
Universitas Sumatera Utara
12.
Siner JM. Sepsis: Definitions, Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathogenesis. [book auth.]
Chest. Chest. s.l. : Chest, 2009.
13.
Annane Djillali, Bellissant Eric, Cavaillon Jean-Marc. Septic shock. [book auth.] The
Lancet. The Lancet. s.l. : The Lancet. 2005: 365.
14.
Sri, Sunarmiasih. In Sepsis : Pencetus gagal organ dan upaya penanggulannya. . [book
auth.] Indonesian Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. Indonesian Journal of Intensive
Care Medicine. s.l. : Indonesian Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 2011:25-33.
15.
Muszynski JA and Hall
MW. Sepsis-induced Innate and Adaptive Immune
SuppressionThe Open Inflammation Journal. 2011;4 (1): 67-73.
16.
JA., Russel. Management of sepsis. [book auth.] N Engl. J. Med. N Engl. J. Med. s.l. :
N Engl. J. Med. 2006 :1699-713.
17.
Filho JCA, Spiller F, Cunha FQ. Neutrophil paralysis in sepsis. Shock. 2010; 34(1) :1521.
18.
Craig A, Mai J, CaiS ,JeyaseelanS. Neutrophil Recruitment to the Lungs during
Bacterial Pneumonia. Infect. Immun. 2009; 77(2):568.
19.
Marshall JC. Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis. Critical Care Canada
Forum.2012 .
20.
Taneja R,Parodo J, Jia SH, Kapus A, Rotstein OD, Marshal JC. Delayed neutrophil
apoptosis in sepsis is associated with maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane
potential and reduced caspase-9 activity.Crit Care Med.2004;32(7) :1460.
21.
Fialkow L, Filho LF, Bozzetti MC, Milani AR, Filho EMR,Ladniuk RM, et.al.
Neutrophil apoptosis: a marker of disease severity in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute
respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care. 2006; 10(6) :155-68.
22.
Appelberg R: Neutrophils and intracellular pathogens: beyond phagocytosis and killing.
Trends Microbiology. 2007; 15(2):87-92.
23.
Benjamin CF, Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ: Role of nitric oxide in the failure ofneutrophil
migration in sepsis. J Infect Dis.2000;182(1):214-23.
24.
Alves-Filho JC, de Freitas A, Russo M, Cunha FQ: Toll-like receptor-4 signalingleads
to neutrophil migration impairment in polymicrobial sepsis. CritCare Med. 2006;
34(2):461-70.
25.
Holub M, Klucˇkova Z, Helcl M, Hodov JP,Rokyta R, Beran O. Lymphocyte subset
numbers depend on the bacterial origin of sepsis. ClinMicrobiol Infect 2003; 9: 202–11.
85
Universitas Sumatera Utara
26.
Volk HD, Reinke P, Docke WD. Clinical aspects:from systemic inflammation to
‘immunoparalysis’.ChemImmunol 2000; 74: 162–77.
27.
Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Swanson PE et al.Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes
progressive profounddepletion of B and CD4þ T-lymphocytes inhuman. J Immunol
2001; 166: 6952–63.
28.
Cheadle WG, Pemberton MR, Robinson D, LivingstonDH, Rodriguez JL, Pokl HC.
Lymphocyte subsets responses to trauma and sepsis. J Trauma. 1993; 35: 844–9.
29.
Hotchkiss
RS.Osmon
SB,Chang
KC,
Wagner
TH,.Coopersmith
CM,.
Karl
IE.Accelerated Lymphocyte Death in Sepsis Occurs by both the Death Receptor and
Mitochondrial Pathways. J Immunol.2005; 174:5110-18.
30.
Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Swanson PE, et al. Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes
progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T-lymphocytes in humans. J Immunol.
2001; 166: 6952-63.
31.
Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Karl IE. Role of apoptotic cell death in sepsis. Scand J
Infect Dis.2003; 35: 585-92.
32.
Tulzo L, Pangault YC, Gacouin A,Guilloux V, Tribut O, L. AmiotL,et.al. Early
circulating lymphocyte apoptosis in human septic shock is associated withpoor
outcome. Shock. 2002; 18: 487-94.
33.
Felmet KA, Hall MW, Clark RS, Jaffe R, Carcillo JA. Prolonged lymphopenia,
lymphoid depletion, and hypoprolactinemia in children with nosocomial sepsis and
multiple organ failure. JImmunol. 2005; 174: 3765-72.
34.
Balci C, Sungurtekin H, Gurses E. et.al. Usefullness of Procalcitonin for Diagnosis of
Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit. Critical care,2003;7:85-90.
35.
Crain MC,Mu¨ller B. Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to
antibiotic prescription,prognostic markers and mediators Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 556–73
36.
Crain MC,Mu¨ller B. Procalcitonin in bacterial infections –hype, hope, more or less?
Swiss med.2005; 135 : 451 – 60.
37.
Gilbert D, Use of Plasma Procalcitonin levels as an adjunct to Clinical Microbiology.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2010 july;48(7):2325-29.
38.
Crain MC,Mu¨ller B. Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to
antibiotic prescription, prognostic markers an mediators. Eur Respir J. 2007;30:556-73.
39.
Kibe S, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis in critical care. J
Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(S2):33-40.
86
Universitas Sumatera Utara
40.
Schuetz P, et al. Procalcitonin for diagnosis of infection and guide to antibiotic
decisions: past, present and future. BMC Medicine. 2011;9:107.
41.
O’connor E, Venkatesh B, Lipman J. Procalcitonin in Critical illness. Crit Care and
Resucitation. 2001; 3: 236- 43.
42.
Simon L. Gauvin F, Amre DK, Saint-Louis P, Lacroix J. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004, 39 :
206- 17.
43.
Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy
in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2006 Jul 1;174(1):84-93. PMID: 16603606.
44.
Soni NJ, Samson DJ, Galaydick JL, Vats V, Pitrak DL, Aronson N. ProcalcitoninGuided Antibiotic Therapy. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 78. (Prepared by
the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center Evidencebased Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10058-I.) AHRQ Publication No.
12(13)-EHC124-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
October 2012. www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm.
45.
Delèvaux, André M, Colombier M, Albuisson E, Meylheuc F, Bègue RJ, et.al. Can
Procalcitonin measurement help in differentiating between bacterial infection and other
kinds of inflammatory processes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:337–40.
46.
Chirouze C. et al., Low serum procalcitonin level accurately predicts the absence of
bacteremia in adult patients with acute fever, CID. 2002; 35(2): 156-61.
47.
Nakamura A,Wada H,Ikejiri M, Hatada T, Sakurai H, Matsushima Y. Efficacy of
procalcitonin in the early diagnosis of Bacterial infections in a critical care unit. Shock,
2009;31(6): 586-91.
48.
Tokuda Y, Miyasato H, Stein GH. A simple prediction algorithm for bacteremia in
patients with acute febrile illness.Q J Med. 2005;98:813-20.
49.
Riedel S, Melendez JH, Amanda T. Rosenbaum JE, Zenilman JM. Procalcitonin as a
Marker for the Detection of Bacteremia and Sepsis in the Emergency Department. Am J
Clin Pathol. 2011;135:182-9.
50.
Reith HB, Mittelkotter U, Wagner R. Procalcitonin in patients with abdominal sepsis.
Intensive Care Med, 2000 Mar; 26 Suppl 2:165-9.
51.
Benoist JF,Mimoz O, Assicot M, Edouard A.Serum Procalcitonin,not C-Reactive
Protein identifies sepsis in trauma patients. Clin Chem.1998;44:1778-9.
87
Universitas Sumatera Utara
52.
Meisner M, Adna H, Schmidt J. Correlation of Procalcitonin and C-Reactive Protein to
inflammation, complications, and outcome during the Intensive Care Unit course of
multiple-trauma patients. Critical Care.2006;10(1):1.
53.
Aikawa N, Fujishima S, Sekine SEI, Kogawa K, Yamamoto Y, Kushimoto S, et.al.
Multicenter prospective study of procalcitonin as an indicator of sepsis. J Infect
Chemotherapy.2005; 11:152–9.
54.
Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy
in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2006 Jul 1;174(1):84-93. PMID: 16603606.
55.
Zahorec R. Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts--rapid and simple parameter of
systemic inflammation and stress in critically ill. Bratisl Lek Listy.2001;102:5-14.
56.
Wyllie DH, Bowler IC, Peto TE (2004) Relation between lymphopenia and bacteraemia
in UK adults with medical emergencies. J Clin Pathol. 57: 950–5.)
57.
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