MPIKLP LCA DALAM KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
LIFE
CYCLE
ANALYSIS
Diabstraksikan oleh: Nunuk L.H., N. Akhmad, E. Sunaryono, dan Soemarno
PSL-PDKLP-PPSUB Januari 2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE AANALYSIS
Analisis Siklus Hidup.
ANALISIS DAUR HIDUP
LCA merupakan suatu metode analisis lingkungan dan
dampak lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan suatu
produk, proses, atau jasa; dengan jalan melakukan
inventori input enerji dan material, serta limbahnya yang
dibuang ke lingkungan; analisis dampak lingkungan dari
input dan limbah, serta interpretasi hasil-hasilnya untuk
digunakan dalam pengambilan keputusan.
Ketersediaan perangkat lunak (software) mempermudah
pelaksanaan LCA yang membutuhkan basis data yang
besar.
Life Cycle Asessment merupakan satu pendekatan “Cradle to
Grave” dimulai dari pengambilan bahan mentah dari lingkungan
untuk membuat produk dan berakhir pada pembuangan limbah ke
lingkungan.
Esensi dari Life Cycle Assessment adalah evaluasi dampak
teknologi, ekonomi dan lingkungan, yang relevan dengan bahan
mentah (material), proses dan/atau produk, sepanjang siklus
hidup mulai dari pembuatannya hingga menjadi limbah.
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
A life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle
analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is a
technique to assess environmental impacts associated with
all the stages of a product's life from-cradle-to-grave (i.e.,
from raw material extraction through materials processing,
manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance,
and disposal or recycling).
LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental
concerns by:
1. Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs
and environmental releases;
2. Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified
inputs and releases;
3. Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
GOALS AND PURPOSE
The goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental effects
assignable to products and services in order to improve processes,
support policy and provide a sound basis for informed decisions.
The term life cycle refers to the notion that a fair, holistic assessment
requires the assessment of raw-material production, manufacture,
distribution, use and disposal including all intervening transportation steps
necessary or caused by the product's existence.
There are two main types of LCA.
Attributional LCAs seek to establish the burdens associated with the
production and use of a product, or with a specific service or process, at a
point in time (typically the recent past).
Consequential LCAs seek to identify the environmental consequences of
a decision or a proposed change in a system under study (oriented to the
future), which means that market and economic implications of a decision
may have to be taken into account.
Social LCA is a different approach to life cycle thinking intended to assess
social implications or potential impacts. Social LCA should be considered
as an approach that is complementary to environmental LCA.
The procedures of life cycle assessment (LCA) are part of the ISO 14000
environmental management standards: in ISO 14040:2006 and
14044:2006. (ISO 14044 replaced earlier versions of ISO 14041 to ISO
14043.)
1.
Thomas,J.A.G., ed: Energy Analysis, ipc science and technology press &
Westview Press, 1977, ISBN 0-902852-60-4 or ISBN 0-89158-813-2
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Empat tahapan Utama
According to the ISO 14040[4] and 14044[5] standards, a Life Cycle
Assessment is carried out in four distinct phases as illustrated in the figure
shown to the right. The phases are often interdependent in that the results
of one phase will inform how other phases are completed.
DEFINISI TUJUAN
& LINGKUP
ANALISIS
INVENTORY
INTERPRETASI
PENDUGAAN
DAMPAK
4.ISO 14040 (2006): Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and
framework, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneve
5.ISO 14044 (2006): Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and
guidelines, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneve
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Goal and scope
An LCA starts with an explicit statement of the goal and scope of
the study, which sets out the context of the study and explains
how and to whom the results are to be communicated. This is a
key step and the ISO standards require that the goal and scope of
an LCA be clearly defined and consistent with the intended
application. The goal and scope document therefore includes
technical details that guide subsequent work:
1. The functional unit, which defines what precisely is being
studied and quantifies the service delivered by the product
system, providing a reference to which the inputs and outputs
can be related. Further, the functional unit is an important
basis that enables alternative goods, or services, to be
compared and analyzed.[6]
2. The system boundaries;
3. Any assumptions and limitations;
4. The allocation methods used to partition the environmental
load of a process when several products or functions share
the same process; and
5. The impact categories chosen.
6.
Rebitzer, G. et al. (2004). Life cycle assessment Part 1: Framework, goal and scope
definition, inventory analysis,and applications. Environment International. 30(2004), 701-720.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life cycle inventory
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis involves creating an inventory of flows
from and to nature for a product system. Inventory flows include inputs of
water, energy, and raw materials, and releases to air, land, and water. To
develop the inventory, a flow model of the technical system is constructed
using data on inputs and outputs.
The flow model is typically illustrated with a flow chart that includes the
activities that are going to be assessed in the relevant supply chain and
gives a clear picture of the technical system boundaries. The input and
output data needed for the construction of the model are collected for all
activities within the system boundary, including from the supply chain
(referred to as inputs from the techno-sphere).
The data must be related to the functional unit defined in the goal and
scope definition. Data can be presented in tables and some
interpretations can be made already at this stage. The results of the
inventory is an LCI which provides information about all inputs and
outputs in the form of elementary flow to and from the environment from
all the unit processes involved in the study.
7. Steinbach, V. and Wellmer, F. (May 2010). “Review: Consumption and Use of Non-Renewable
Mineral and Energy Raw Materials from an Economic Geology Point of View.” Sustainability.
2(5), pgs. 1408-1430. Retrieved from
CYCLE
ANALYSIS
Diabstraksikan oleh: Nunuk L.H., N. Akhmad, E. Sunaryono, dan Soemarno
PSL-PDKLP-PPSUB Januari 2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE AANALYSIS
Analisis Siklus Hidup.
ANALISIS DAUR HIDUP
LCA merupakan suatu metode analisis lingkungan dan
dampak lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan suatu
produk, proses, atau jasa; dengan jalan melakukan
inventori input enerji dan material, serta limbahnya yang
dibuang ke lingkungan; analisis dampak lingkungan dari
input dan limbah, serta interpretasi hasil-hasilnya untuk
digunakan dalam pengambilan keputusan.
Ketersediaan perangkat lunak (software) mempermudah
pelaksanaan LCA yang membutuhkan basis data yang
besar.
Life Cycle Asessment merupakan satu pendekatan “Cradle to
Grave” dimulai dari pengambilan bahan mentah dari lingkungan
untuk membuat produk dan berakhir pada pembuangan limbah ke
lingkungan.
Esensi dari Life Cycle Assessment adalah evaluasi dampak
teknologi, ekonomi dan lingkungan, yang relevan dengan bahan
mentah (material), proses dan/atau produk, sepanjang siklus
hidup mulai dari pembuatannya hingga menjadi limbah.
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
A life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle
analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is a
technique to assess environmental impacts associated with
all the stages of a product's life from-cradle-to-grave (i.e.,
from raw material extraction through materials processing,
manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance,
and disposal or recycling).
LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental
concerns by:
1. Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs
and environmental releases;
2. Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified
inputs and releases;
3. Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
GOALS AND PURPOSE
The goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental effects
assignable to products and services in order to improve processes,
support policy and provide a sound basis for informed decisions.
The term life cycle refers to the notion that a fair, holistic assessment
requires the assessment of raw-material production, manufacture,
distribution, use and disposal including all intervening transportation steps
necessary or caused by the product's existence.
There are two main types of LCA.
Attributional LCAs seek to establish the burdens associated with the
production and use of a product, or with a specific service or process, at a
point in time (typically the recent past).
Consequential LCAs seek to identify the environmental consequences of
a decision or a proposed change in a system under study (oriented to the
future), which means that market and economic implications of a decision
may have to be taken into account.
Social LCA is a different approach to life cycle thinking intended to assess
social implications or potential impacts. Social LCA should be considered
as an approach that is complementary to environmental LCA.
The procedures of life cycle assessment (LCA) are part of the ISO 14000
environmental management standards: in ISO 14040:2006 and
14044:2006. (ISO 14044 replaced earlier versions of ISO 14041 to ISO
14043.)
1.
Thomas,J.A.G., ed: Energy Analysis, ipc science and technology press &
Westview Press, 1977, ISBN 0-902852-60-4 or ISBN 0-89158-813-2
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Empat tahapan Utama
According to the ISO 14040[4] and 14044[5] standards, a Life Cycle
Assessment is carried out in four distinct phases as illustrated in the figure
shown to the right. The phases are often interdependent in that the results
of one phase will inform how other phases are completed.
DEFINISI TUJUAN
& LINGKUP
ANALISIS
INVENTORY
INTERPRETASI
PENDUGAAN
DAMPAK
4.ISO 14040 (2006): Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and
framework, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneve
5.ISO 14044 (2006): Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and
guidelines, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneve
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Goal and scope
An LCA starts with an explicit statement of the goal and scope of
the study, which sets out the context of the study and explains
how and to whom the results are to be communicated. This is a
key step and the ISO standards require that the goal and scope of
an LCA be clearly defined and consistent with the intended
application. The goal and scope document therefore includes
technical details that guide subsequent work:
1. The functional unit, which defines what precisely is being
studied and quantifies the service delivered by the product
system, providing a reference to which the inputs and outputs
can be related. Further, the functional unit is an important
basis that enables alternative goods, or services, to be
compared and analyzed.[6]
2. The system boundaries;
3. Any assumptions and limitations;
4. The allocation methods used to partition the environmental
load of a process when several products or functions share
the same process; and
5. The impact categories chosen.
6.
Rebitzer, G. et al. (2004). Life cycle assessment Part 1: Framework, goal and scope
definition, inventory analysis,and applications. Environment International. 30(2004), 701-720.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013
LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life cycle inventory
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis involves creating an inventory of flows
from and to nature for a product system. Inventory flows include inputs of
water, energy, and raw materials, and releases to air, land, and water. To
develop the inventory, a flow model of the technical system is constructed
using data on inputs and outputs.
The flow model is typically illustrated with a flow chart that includes the
activities that are going to be assessed in the relevant supply chain and
gives a clear picture of the technical system boundaries. The input and
output data needed for the construction of the model are collected for all
activities within the system boundary, including from the supply chain
(referred to as inputs from the techno-sphere).
The data must be related to the functional unit defined in the goal and
scope definition. Data can be presented in tables and some
interpretations can be made already at this stage. The results of the
inventory is an LCI which provides information about all inputs and
outputs in the form of elementary flow to and from the environment from
all the unit processes involved in the study.
7. Steinbach, V. and Wellmer, F. (May 2010). “Review: Consumption and Use of Non-Renewable
Mineral and Energy Raw Materials from an Economic Geology Point of View.” Sustainability.
2(5), pgs. 1408-1430. Retrieved from