Pidginized English Formation by Traders at Kerthagosa Museum.

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PIDGINIZED ENGLISH FORMATION BY TRADERS

AT KERHAGOSA MUSEUM

MADE YUNI SWARI 1201305003

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2016

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank God for blessing me in finishing this undergraduate thesis entitled “Pidginized English Formation by Traders at

Kerthagosa Museum”. I am grateful to my supervisors Dra. Luh Putu Laksminy,

M.Hum and I Nyoman Tri Ediwan, S.S., M.Hum as my first and second supervisors for understanding and supporting me made it possible for me to work on a topic that was of great interest to me. Their suggestions have helped me a lot through all the difficulties which arose during the writing of this research and also gave their encouragement and generous assistance.

I would like to express my gratitude to A.A. Sagung Shanti Sari Dewi, S.S., M.Hum, M. App. Ling as my academic supervisor who has given me constant encouragement and has enabled me to complete my studies within eight semesters. I would like also to thank the Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Udayana University, Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. and all of her staffs. Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, Dip. TEFL, M.A as the Head of English Department and all the lecturers who have guided me and given me valuable knowledge through my academic years. It is a genuine pleasure to express my deep sense of thank to the traders at Kerthagosa for their helps, supports and encouragements during collecting data at Kerthagosa. I owe a deep sense of gratitude and thank with boundless love and appreciation to my family especially my parents. None of this could have happened without them, who offered their encouragement, support and love in every second and situation. To my brother and sisters thank you for always be

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kind and supportive to me over these last several years. This study stands as testament to your unconditional love and encouragement, I am forever grateful. I am also extremely thankful to my best friends, and especially Rien who helped me a lot during the data collection. It is my privilege to thank my special one, for understanding, supporting and helping me through the difficult times in these last few months. And thanks to all my friends at the English Department, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University, for your support and companion during the process of studying in the class and organization since the first semester until last semester.

Denpasar, 10 Desember 2015

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ABSTRACT

This study entitled Pidginized English Formation by Traders at Kerthagosa Museum pidginized English and to explain the factors of pidginized English used by the traders at Kerthagosa. This study focuses on the syntactical and grammatical forms of pidginized English used by the traders at Kerthagosa.

The data of this study was obtained from traders at Kerthagosa, and taken 10 traders as respondents. The data was collected from the conversations and it was collected by conducting observation method and used interviewing the traders (questionnaires), recording, and note taking techniques. The theoretical framework used to analyze the data taken from An Introduction to Sociolinguistic which was proposed by Holmes (1992) and theory from Wardhaugh (1986). The collected data was descriptively analyzed in accordance with the theories used in this writing. The analyzing data was done by presenting the data in the written form and analyze the data by giving a comment based on the theory which was used.

The result shows that there are some simplifications in syntactical and morphological forms. Furthermore, the simplifications in the syntactical forms are divided into nine forms. Meanwhile, the simplifications of morphological forms are divided into five forms. The educational background, the linguistic factor, the economic factor and the lack of motivation in learning English were the factors influencing the used of Pidginized English by the traders at Kerthagosa.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE

APPROVAL SHEET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iii

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

ABBREVIATION ... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of Study ... 4

1.3 Aims of Study ... 4

1.4 Scope of Discussion ... 4

1.5 Research Method ... 5

1.5.1 Data Source ... 5

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 6

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 8

1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analysis ... 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPT, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Review of Literature ... 9

2.2 Concept ... 12

2.2.1 Language ... 12

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2.2.3 Pidgin ... 14

2.2.4 Pidginization ... 15

2.2.5 Pidginized English ... 15

2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 17

CHAPTER III PIDGINIZED ENGLISH FORMATION BY TRADERS AT KERTHAGOSA MUSEUM 3.1 Forms of Pidginized English by the Traders at Kerthagosa ... 22

3.1.1 Simplification of Syntactic Forms ... 23

3.1.1.1 The Absence of Subject Pronoun ... 23

3.1.1.2 The Absence of “to be” After Subject ... 26

3.1.1.3 The Absence of Auxiliary in the Interrogative Forms ... 29

3.1.1.4 Deletion ... 34

3.1.1.5 The Omission of Auxiliary Verb in Negative Clauses ... 37

3.1.1.6 The Permutation of Word Order ... 38

3.1.1.7 The Absence of Object Pronoun ... 40

3.1.1.8 The Absence of Modal Auxiliary “Will” and “Can” in the Positive Forms ... 41

3.1.1.9 Word Choices ... 43

3.1.2 Simplification of Morphological Forms ... 44

3.1.2.1 The Absence of Suffix “s” as Plural Marker ... 45

3.1.2.2 The Addition of Unnecessary Suffix “s” in the Noun ... 47

3.1.2.3 The Repetition ... 48

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3.1.2.5 The Incorrect Usage of Degrees Comparison... 50

3.2 The Factors that Contributing to the Existence of Pidginized English Spoken by the Traders at Kerthagosa ... 52

3.2.1 The Educational Background of the Traders at Kerthagosa ... 52

3.2.2 The Linguistic Factor ... 53

3.2.3 The Economic Factor ... 54

3.2.4 The Lack of Motivation in Learning English... 54

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 55

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES: 1. CONVERSATIONS 2. QUESTIONAIRES

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ABBREVIATIONS

F1 : Foreigners 1 F2 : Foreigners 2 T : Traders

PE : Pidgin English SF : Standard Form

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study

Language is like a window or bridge of the world. It is very important for people to learn language, especially foreign languages. One of the most rewarding parts of learning foreign language is that it helps people to make connection with people overseas. There are some languages which are used around the world, English is one of the most frequently used language that spoken as International language. English may not be the most spoken language in the world, but it is the official language in a large number of countries. Learning English is very important and useful. English is the dominant business language and it has become almost a necessity for people to speak English if they are to enter a global workforce, research from all over the world shows that cross-border business communication is most often conducted in English, its importance in the global market place, therefore, cannot be understated, learning English really can change people’s life.

Indonesia, especially Bali has become one of the most famous tourist attractions either for local people or foreigner. Many foreigners from around the world come to Bali for vacation or business. English as International language used to communicate between local people and foreigners. Most of communication, transaction, or interaction will be done by using English. However, there will be some problems faced if the local people get a lack of education in learning English.

They will not really understand how to speak and listen English clearly. It leads to misunderstanding between the local people and the foreigner.

Sellers who sell their products around the tourist attractions are one of the forms of interaction between the local people and the foreigners. Most of sellers do not know how to speak English fluently. They only use communicative English in order to sale their products to foreigner. Also, the foreigner use simple English to make the communication easier.

The communicative English takes an important role in the transaction process between the sellers and the foreigners. It is very useful to help the sellers to offer their product to the foreign customers. Somehow, local people and foreigner use pidgin language to communicate each other. They try to make conversation by creating their own terms, expression, words which are partly or completely different from the Standard English. The English that they use is influenced by their own dialects, combination with local terms, words, and expression. Using pidgin to communicate is very helpful for people who speak different languages. The sellers could finally offer their products to foreign costumers by using pidgin language to communicate.

Since, the use of pidgin is very important to those who speak different languages, that is why this research is conducted. Besides, this study also directed to analyze the structure of sentences which are used by the sellers when they do the transaction with foreign costumers. This paper academically aimed at having understanding about Sociolinguistic, especially pidgin language.

The research of the use of pidginized English was conducted at Kerthagosa. Kerthagosa is one of the tourist destinations in Klungkung. There are some traders at Kerthagosa use pidginized English to offer their products.

1.2 Problems of Study

1. What forms of pidginized English used by the traders at Kerthagosa? 2. What factors are contributing to the existence of pidginized English used by

the traders at Kerthagosa?

1.3 Aims of Study

According to the problem that might occur in the analysis, there are two specific analysis of this study mentioned as:

1. To find out forms of Pidginized English which used by the traders at Kerthagosa.

2. To explain factors which influence the use of Pidginized English by the traders at Kerthagosa.

1.4 Scope of Discussion

The study focuses on the use of Pidginized English by the traders at Kerthagosa and the discussion of this study is divided into two scopes:

1. The description about the grammar forms of pidginized English used by the traders at Kerthagosa.

2. The explanation of factors that contribute the traders at Kertagosa in using pidginized English.

1.5 Research Method

Methodology is a systematic framework of structure and steps used to guide and conduct the research. There are three points on the research method

including: the data source, method and technique of collecting data, method and technique of analyzing data. This study entitled “Pidginized English Formation by Traders at Kerthagosa Museum” is classified as a field research.

1.5.1 Data Source

Kerthagosa is a beautiful historical site situated in the heart of Klungkung regency. Kerthagosa is a kind of bale building or museum where the king announced Judicial Legislation, justice, punishment and so on. Kerthagosa is chosen as the observation place because English is commonly used to communicate between the traders and the foreign visitors. However, the traders have lack of ability in communicating in English and the traders come from different educational background. Most of them only graduated from elementary school or secondary school, and they use communicative language to communicate with the foreigners.

There are 40 traders as the populations at Kerthagosa, however, only 14 traders are still active selling their goods to the foreigners. The data were taken from ten traders as the respondents for this study that filled the criteria above. However, only six conversations of those ten respondents were taken randomly to be the data source.

The data of this research was taken from spoken and written of the traders at Kerthagosa. The spoken language is in the form of conversations when they are offering their products or communicating to foreigners. Meanwhile, the written language was in the form of questionnaires, which were distributed to the foreigners.

The criteria being the basis of choosing the traders were as follows:

1. The traders are Balinese.

2. Their age should be minimum 18 years old.

3. They should have at least 5 (five) years experience as traders.

4. The educational background of the traders is maximal graduated from senior high school.

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

This research used purposive sampling based on the criteria of choosing the traders in order to select the representative sample of the overall population of the traders, consequently the analyzed data can represent the fact occurred in the field.

The data was collected by using observation method with some techniques; they are interview, recording and note taking techniques. Observation techniques can be divided into participant observation or direct observation and non-participant observation. Participant observation or direct observation is the process enabling researchers to learn about the activities of the people under study in the natural setting through observing and participating in those activities. Non-participant observation, the research remains detached from the activity under observation and simply watch and record what is going.

In this study, the non-participant observation was used; the writer observed activities of the traders by observing the traders when they communicated with foreign customers using English, then the data was collected by taking a note

and recording the utterances of the traders while they were doing a conversation with the foreign customers.

The observation conducted within a month and two weeks or 6 weeks, seeking for the information about Kerthagosa and the traders obtained in the first and second weeks, distributing the questionnaires were done in the third week. The data obtained for two weeks in the fourth and fifth weeks by recording and note taking the conversations between the traders and foreigners. Furthermore, seeking the information of association of the traders was done in the last week.

The steps of method and technique of collecting data were describes as follows:

1. Interviewing the traders. (through the questionnaire as the instruments) 2. Recording and note taking the traders’ conversations when they sold their

goods to the foreigners.

3. Transcribing the data from note taking and observation transcribed and typed up using a data sheet.

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

There were some steps in analyzing the collected data. First, all the data obtained in the observation that already recorded in the spoken form as transcribed into the written one. The data which analyzed was taken from those written forms

that consisted of several data in the form of conversations. Only six data were taken to be analyzed in the data analysis. Then those six data were classified into some groups according to some sub topics of analysis. Secondly, the data was analyzed based on the related theories. Furthermore, make a conclusion to identify and describe the Pidginized English forms in conversation between the traders and foreigners, and to find out the factors that influence the used of Pidginized English at Kerthagosa.

1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analysis

The last step in research method was method and technique of presenting data. The data analyzed were presented descriptively. In order to answer the first problem, the data were classified into some sub topics based on the syntactical and morphological forms. The data and the analysis were described by using a form of paragraph, not in statistic form. In answering the second problem, the data were classified into some sub topics and explained using a form of paragraph as well. The forms of description were used in the data presentation in order to give more explanation about the data.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

In this chapter explained about the review of literature, concepts and theoretical framework. In review of literature explained about the undergraduate thesis and journal that was chosen as the references of this study. The explanation about the definition that was often used in this study explained in concept. For the explanation about the basic theory that was used in this study explained in the theoretical framework. These all will be explained on the following description.

1.1 Review of Literature

In the review literature, there are three different titles of undergraduate thesis and a journal which related to pidgin language is used as a comparative study. Some differences occur between the studies by other researchers, for instance: the object, the content, the problem, the result, and the theory.

Pidginized English Used by Paradise Massage Club in Sanurby Mimba (2011). This study concerned in Pidginized English that is used by the therapists. The aims of this study were to investigate the pidginized English and the factors that influenced them. The data was collected from 10 therapists who had different education and social backgrounds. This study explained about the simplification of English grammar included the language change between Balinese and English. This study also described that there were educational and economical factor which caused Pidginized English was likely arise. The data of the paper was done by

observation and interviewed. The writer used Holmes (1992) theory to analyze the data. The relevant of this study to the present study is in term of theoretical framework using Holmes’s theory (1992). The weakness of this paper is in the explanation of the data and theory. Compared to other studies related to the topic, the explanation of the data in this paper is too simple.

English Pidgin Used by the Traders in Guwang Art Market by Surya (2008). The purpose in this study is generally to investigate about the forms of the English pidgin used by the Traders in Guwang Art Market. The writer discussed about the grammatical aspects of pidginization including the positive forms (Positive Statements, Positive Instructions, and Positive Offerings), Negative forms (Negative Statements and Negative Instructions) and discussed about the Negative forms (Yes/No Questions, WH-Questions and Alternative Questions). The investigation conducted in this study was based on the sociolinguistic theory particularly the theory which proposed by Muhlhausler (1986) he clarify that in pidgin, the grammatical category of tense is lost. The observation was focused on the grammatical and phonological aspect. The relevant to this study are in terms of the object of the study which used traders as the informants and the discussion focused to the grammatical aspect. However, the difference of this study to present study is on the analysis. The present study divided the grammatical forms into syntactical and morphological forms.

The Analysis of Pidginized English in Conversations between Vendors and Foreigners in Sanur Beach by Dian (2011). The writer tried to identify and describe the Pidginized English forms (especially the syntax and morphology

forms) and also analyzing conversational activities which took place between vendors and foreigners in types of language functions that commonly used when they have conversation. Besides, the writer also tried to find out factors that influence the used of Pidginized English in Sanur Beach. She also used the theoretical framework from An Introduction to Sociolinguistics by Wardhaugh (1986) and Pidgin and Creole Linguistics by Mulhausler (1986). The writer gave clear explanation in analyzing the problems of her study. However, she did not attach the data of the informants as the appendix and for some sub chapters the writer did not explain them clearly. The relevant to this study is in term of the problems which is the first problem focuses on the syntax and morphology forms. However, the sub chapters were different between this study to present study depend on the data compiled during conducting the research.

After reviewing those three undergraduate theses above, the data was compared to this study. The comparison between those studies and this recent study brings the similarities and differences. The similarities are all of the studies discuss about Pidginized English in Sociolinguistic study. However the data conduct in different places. The difference can also be found in the analysis. The previous theses focus discussing in grammatical or phonological point, however, in this study discuss about syntactical and morphological point of view.

This study is also inspired by an article entitled “Pidgin and Hawai’i English: An overview” (Katie Drager: 2010) in an International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication. This journal presents a brief discussion of the history of both the creole (called Pidgin or Hawai’i Creole)

and the variety of English spoken in Hawai’i referred to as Hawai’i English. This study also treats Pidgin and Hawai’i English as independent from one another while commenting on some of the linguistic forms that are found in both. Lexical items, phonological forms, and syntactic structures of Pidgin and Hawai’i English are presented alongside a discussion of language attitudes and ideologies. The relevant of this journal to this study are in term of the pidginized English focuses in syntactical form.

1.2 Concept

In the concept explained about some definitions of word that was often used in this study. They are as follow:

1.2.1 Language

There are several definition of language propose by the linguist. According to Todd (1981:1) language is an arbitrary set of signs by which members of a speech community communicated and co-operate.

According to Lyons (1981:3) language are purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of vocabulary that produces symbols. Bloch and Trager in Lyons (1981:4) define languages as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperate (Lyons, 1981:4) in quite same view, hall states that language is the institution where by human communicates and interacts with each other by means of habitually oral-auditory symbol (Lyons, 1981:4)

Language which is subordinate of code exists in number of varieties. The variety of language is “a set of linguistic items with similar distribution” (Hudson, 1980:24). This definition allows one to say that English, French, the English of football commentaries are varieties. Variety is defined in terms of ‘linguisticitems’ or ‘human speech patterns’ (presumably sounds, words, grammatical features) which we can uniquely associate with some external factors (presumably a geographical area or social group) (Wardhaugh, 1986:22). Standard Language

According to (Holmes, 1992:83), generally, a standard variety is variety which is written and has undergone some degrees of regularization or codification, for example in a Grammar and in Dictionary. Dictionary writers have to decide which words to be included in the dictionary as part of the standard variety, which forms to mark as dialectal variety and which is omitted altogether. They generally take the usage of educated and socially prestigious members of the community as their criterion.

Standard languages (in this case Standard English) are the only kind of variety which would be counted as a “proper language’ (Hudson, 1980:32). It is the result of direct and deliberate invention by society. This intervention is called ‘standardization’; it produces a standard language where before they were just ‘dialects’ (i.e. non-standard varieties).

Trudgil in Wardaugh (1986:31) launched his ideas that Standard English is that variety of English which is usually used in print, and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning language. It is also the variety which

is normally spoken by educated people and used in news broadcast and other similar situations.

1.2.2 Pidgin

Wardhaugh (1986:57) defines pidgin as a language which arises from the simplification of a language comes to dominate groups of speakers separated from each other by language differences. Besides that he adds that a pidgin is sometimes regarded as a ‘reduces’ variety of a ‘normal’ language, with simplification of the grammatical uses and vocabularies in expressing the communication with the visitors, considerable phonological variation and a mixture of local vocabulary to meet the special needs of the contact group.

According to Hudson (1980) pidgin are varieties created for very practical and immediate purposes of communication between people who otherwise would have no common language whatsoever and learned by one person from another within the communities concerned as the accepted way of communicating with members of the other community.

Spolsky (1998) states that pidgin language is one that evolves in circumstances where there are limited relations between the speakers of different languages, such as market, or where there is a special situation of power relation, being typical of the kind of master slave relation or plantation

Pidgin is examples of partially targeted or non-targeted second language learning, developing from simpler to more complex system, as communicative requirements become more demanding. Pidgin language by definition have no native speakers, there are social rather than individual solutions, and hence are

characterized by norms of acceptability (Muhlhausler, 1986). This study supported fromtheory proposed by Spolsky (1998) about pidgin language.

1.2.3 Pidginization

According to Todd (1984), Pidginization is a process of simplification that reduces irregularities in a language and is a natural consequence of contact between people who speak different language or different varieties of the language. Trudgill states that pidginization is the processes of admixture, reduction and simplification which are associated with all imperfect adult second language learning.

The pidginization often involves the simplification of languages, for instance, reduction in morphology (word structure) and syntax (grammatical structure), tolerance of considerable phonological variation (pronunciation), reduction in the number of functions for which the pidgin is used (for example, you usually do not attempt to write novels in a pidgin), and extensive borrowing of words from local mother tongue (Wardhaugh, 1986:59).

1.2.4 Pidginized English

A common view of a Pidginized variety of a language, in this case is Pidgin English, it is some kind of not proper English, that is imperfectly learned and therefore no possible interest. Consequently, those who speak a pidgin are likely to be regarded as deficient in some way, almost certainly and structurally, and sometime even cognitively.

The case seems to be not quite far apart from what happens in English when other foreign languages are discussed. Educational background, experience,

type of job and frequency of contact contribute to the development of a ‘variety’ of language the locals may use.

Pidgin languages tend to reduce grammatical signals to a minimum. There is almost a complete lack of inflection in nouns, pronouns, verbs and adjectives. Nouns are not marked from number and gender, and verbs lack tense markers. We should not be surprised that there is such a complete reduction of inflection in pidgins. Differences like one pen-two pens, she read-she reads, and big-bigger are quite expendable. In contrast, we should not how important inflectional endings and changes are in a language like English, particularly irregular ones such as buy-bought, far-further, and fly-flew-flawn. Pidgins do comfortably without inflections, but it is not surprising that some people view their absence as a sign of deficiency and inferiority in both languages and speakers in much the same way as they view acquisition of a set which is dispreffered.

Syntactically, sentences are likely to be uncomplicated in clausal structure. The development of embedded clause, e.g., of relative clauses, is one characteristic of the process of creolization; pidgins do not have such embedding. The use of particles that is usually small isolated words is also quite frequent. Negation may be achieved through use of: simple negative particle no. one particularly interesting feature is the use of particles to show that an action is continuous aspect. The vocabulary of pidgin has a great many similarities to that of the standard language which is associated. However, phonological and morphological simplification often leads to words assuming somewhat different shapes.

1.3 Theoretical Framework

In supporting the analysis this paper was adopted a certain theory of linguistics, mainly theory of sociolinguistics as a theoretical framework. The research based on the sociolinguistic theory where the theory is taken from book entitled “An Introduction to Sociolinguistic” which was proposed by Holmes (1992) and supported by the theory from Wardhaugh (1986). These theories will be used to solve the first problem in this study.

According to Holmes (1992:83) generally, a standard variety is the variety which is written, and which has undergone some degree of regularizations, for example in a grammar and in a dictionary. Therefore, pidgin language is not a standard language, based on the theory of standard language from linguists.

Hudson (1980:32) states Standard Language are the result of direct and deliberate intervention by society. This intervention, called ‘standardization’ produces a standard language where before there were just ‘dialect’. Moreover, Holmes (1992:84) states a standard language is always a particular dialect, which has gained its special position as a result of social, economical and political influences.

Historically, the standard variety of English is based on the London dialect of English. This dialect becomes the one preferred by the educated, and it was developed and promoted as a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. Trudgill in Wardhaugh (1986:31) launched his ideas that Standard English is that variety of English which is usually used in print, and which is normally taught in school and non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which

is normally spoken by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other similar situations. Standard language will have passed through the four following processes (Hudson, 1980:33)

1. Selection

One variety can be considered as a standard language, if it passed the selection. It may be an existing variety, such as the one used in important political or commercial center, however, it could be an amalgam of variety. The choice is matter of great social and political importance, as the chosen variety necessarily gains prestige. However, in some cases, the chosen variety has been one with no native speakers at all, for instance, Bahasa Indonesia (a newly created language) in Indonesia.

2. Codification

Some agencies such as an academy must have written dictionaries and grammar books to fix the variety, so that everyone agree on what is correct. Once, codification has taken place, it becomes necessary for any ambitious citizen to learn the correct forms and not to use in writing any ‘incorrect’ form he may have in his variety, which may take literary years of child’s school career.

3. Elaboration of Function

It must be possible to use the selected variety in all the functions associated with central governmental and writing, for example in law courts, all kinds of educational and scientific document, require extra linguistic item to be

added to the variety, especially technical words, however, it is also necessary to develop new convention for using existing forms, how to formulate examination questions, how to write letters, etc.

4. Acceptance

The variety has to be accepted by the relevant population as the variety of the community usually as the nation language. Standard language has colloquial as well as formal variants and Standard English speaker’s uses as much as others.

Holmes stated that pidgin is a language which has no native speaker. It is developed for the communication between people who do not have a common language and seems particularly likely to arise when two groups with different languages are communicating in a situation where there is also a third dominant language. Initially, then, the pidgin develop to serve a very narrow range of functions. Pidgin is an additional language to their linguistic repertoire used for a specific purpose, such as trade or perhaps administration.

Pidgin languages are created from the combined efforts of people who speak different languages. Both sides generally contribute to the sounds, the vocabulary, and the grammatical features, and some additional features may emerge which unique to the new variety. Nevertheless it has been found that when one group speaks a prestigious world language and other groups use local vernacular, the prestige language tends to supply more of the vocabulary, while vernacular languages have more influence on the grammar of the developing pidgin (Holmes, 1992:83)

To in sum, the pidgin language has three identifying characteristics according to Holmes (1992:87)

1. It is used in restricted domain and function

2. It has a simplified structure compared to the source language

3. Its vocabulary tends to be derived from prestige language while grammar tends to be influenced by vernacular language

Pidgin will be classified into two parts, such as: inflection and grammatical. In pidgin, there is almost a complete lack of inflection in nouns, pronouns, verb and adjectives. Nouns are not marked from number and gender, and verb lack tense makers. In contrast, we should note how important inflectional ending and changes are in a language like English, particularly irregular one such as do-did-done, have-had-had, good-better-best, expensive-more expensive-most expensive. Pidgin do comfortably without inflections, but it is not suppressing that some people view their absence as a sign of deviancy and inferiority in both languages and speakers in much the same way as they view acquisition of a set which is dispreferred (Holmes, 1992).

characterized by norms of acceptability (Muhlhausler, 1986). This study supported fromtheory proposed by Spolsky (1998) about pidgin language.

1.2.3 Pidginization

According to Todd (1984), Pidginization is a process of simplification that reduces irregularities in a language and is a natural consequence of contact between people who speak different language or different varieties of the language. Trudgill states that pidginization is the processes of admixture, reduction and simplification which are associated with all imperfect adult second language learning.

The pidginization often involves the simplification of languages, for instance, reduction in morphology (word structure) and syntax (grammatical structure), tolerance of considerable phonological variation (pronunciation), reduction in the number of functions for which the pidgin is used (for example, you usually do not attempt to write novels in a pidgin), and extensive borrowing of words from local mother tongue (Wardhaugh, 1986:59).

1.2.4 Pidginized English

A common view of a Pidginized variety of a language, in this case is Pidgin English, it is some kind of not proper English, that is imperfectly learned and therefore no possible interest. Consequently, those who speak a pidgin are likely to be regarded as deficient in some way, almost certainly and structurally, and sometime even cognitively.

The case seems to be not quite far apart from what happens in English when other foreign languages are discussed. Educational background, experience,

type of job and frequency of contact contribute to the development of a ‘variety’ of language the locals may use.

Pidgin languages tend to reduce grammatical signals to a minimum. There is almost a complete lack of inflection in nouns, pronouns, verbs and adjectives. Nouns are not marked from number and gender, and verbs lack tense markers. We should not be surprised that there is such a complete reduction of inflection in pidgins. Differences like one pen-two pens, she read-she reads, and big-bigger are quite expendable. In contrast, we should not how important inflectional endings and changes are in a language like English, particularly irregular ones such as buy-bought, far-further, and fly-flew-flawn. Pidgins do comfortably without inflections, but it is not surprising that some people view their absence as a sign of deficiency and inferiority in both languages and speakers in much the same way as they view acquisition of a set which is dispreffered.

Syntactically, sentences are likely to be uncomplicated in clausal structure. The development of embedded clause, e.g., of relative clauses, is one characteristic of the process of creolization; pidgins do not have such embedding. The use of particles that is usually small isolated words is also quite frequent. Negation may be achieved through use of: simple negative particle no. one particularly interesting feature is the use of particles to show that an action is continuous aspect. The vocabulary of pidgin has a great many similarities to that of the standard language which is associated. However, phonological and morphological simplification often leads to words assuming somewhat different shapes.

1.3 Theoretical Framework

In supporting the analysis this paper was adopted a certain theory of linguistics, mainly theory of sociolinguistics as a theoretical framework. The research based on the sociolinguistic theory where the theory is taken from book entitled “An Introduction to Sociolinguistic” which was proposed by Holmes (1992) and supported by the theory from Wardhaugh (1986). These theories will be used to solve the first problem in this study.

According to Holmes (1992:83) generally, a standard variety is the variety which is written, and which has undergone some degree of regularizations, for example in a grammar and in a dictionary. Therefore, pidgin language is not a standard language, based on the theory of standard language from linguists.

Hudson (1980:32) states Standard Language are the result of direct and deliberate intervention by society. This intervention, called ‘standardization’ produces a standard language where before there were just ‘dialect’. Moreover, Holmes (1992:84) states a standard language is always a particular dialect, which has gained its special position as a result of social, economical and political influences.

Historically, the standard variety of English is based on the London dialect of English. This dialect becomes the one preferred by the educated, and it was developed and promoted as a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. Trudgill in Wardhaugh (1986:31) launched his ideas that Standard English is that variety of English which is usually used in print, and which is normally taught in school and non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which

is normally spoken by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other similar situations. Standard language will have passed through the four following processes (Hudson, 1980:33)

1. Selection

One variety can be considered as a standard language, if it passed the selection. It may be an existing variety, such as the one used in important political or commercial center, however, it could be an amalgam of variety. The choice is matter of great social and political importance, as the chosen variety necessarily gains prestige. However, in some cases, the chosen variety has been one with no native speakers at all, for instance, Bahasa Indonesia (a newly created language) in Indonesia.

2. Codification

Some agencies such as an academy must have written dictionaries and grammar books to fix the variety, so that everyone agree on what is correct. Once, codification has taken place, it becomes necessary for any ambitious citizen to learn the correct forms and not to use in writing any ‘incorrect’ form he may have in his variety, which may take literary years of child’s school career.

3. Elaboration of Function

It must be possible to use the selected variety in all the functions associated with central governmental and writing, for example in law courts, all kinds of educational and scientific document, require extra linguistic item to be

added to the variety, especially technical words, however, it is also necessary to develop new convention for using existing forms, how to formulate examination questions, how to write letters, etc.

4. Acceptance

The variety has to be accepted by the relevant population as the variety of the community usually as the nation language. Standard language has colloquial as well as formal variants and Standard English speaker’s uses as much as others.

Holmes stated that pidgin is a language which has no native speaker. It is developed for the communication between people who do not have a common language and seems particularly likely to arise when two groups with different languages are communicating in a situation where there is also a third dominant language. Initially, then, the pidgin develop to serve a very narrow range of functions. Pidgin is an additional language to their linguistic repertoire used for a specific purpose, such as trade or perhaps administration.

Pidgin languages are created from the combined efforts of people who speak different languages. Both sides generally contribute to the sounds, the vocabulary, and the grammatical features, and some additional features may emerge which unique to the new variety. Nevertheless it has been found that when one group speaks a prestigious world language and other groups use local vernacular, the prestige language tends to supply more of the vocabulary, while vernacular languages have more influence on the grammar of the developing pidgin (Holmes, 1992:83)

To in sum, the pidgin language has three identifying characteristics according to Holmes (1992:87)

1. It is used in restricted domain and function

2. It has a simplified structure compared to the source language

3. Its vocabulary tends to be derived from prestige language while grammar tends to be influenced by vernacular language

Pidgin will be classified into two parts, such as: inflection and grammatical. In pidgin, there is almost a complete lack of inflection in nouns, pronouns, verb and adjectives. Nouns are not marked from number and gender, and verb lack tense makers. In contrast, we should note how important inflectional ending and changes are in a language like English, particularly irregular one such as do-did-done, have-had-had, good-better-best, expensive-more expensive-most expensive. Pidgin do comfortably without inflections, but it is not suppressing that some people view their absence as a sign of deviancy and inferiority in both languages and speakers in much the same way as they view acquisition of a set which is dispreferred (Holmes, 1992).