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CHAPTER II UNDERLYING THEORY
This chapter presents the underlying theory that is employed in the study namely Individual Psychology. The theory of Psychology that the researcher uses
to describe is Individual Psychology presented by Alfred Adler. The researcher will explain the notion of Individual Psychology, the basic concepts of Individual
Psychology and theoretical application.
A. Notion of Individual Psychology
Individual Psychology is the way on understanding human behavior, inferiority, compensation, a life style and creativity Adler in Suryabrata,
2002: 191. All behaviors are seen in relation to the final goal of the superiority or success. This goal gives direction and unity to the individual
Adler in Feist, 1985: 64. Individual Psychology is “a science that attempts to understand the human personality as an organized entity “Adler in Ryckman,
1985: 95. Humans are conscious being; they are ordinarily aware of the persons for their behavior. They are conscious of their inferiorities and
conscious of the goals for which they strive. Humans are self – conscious individuals capable of planning and guiding their actions with full awareness
for their own self – realization. Adler in Hall and Lindzey, 1985: 139 believed that foremost challenge
confronting Individual Psychology is to prove this unity in each individual: in thinking, feeling, acting, they so called conscious and unconscious, in every
9 expression of personality. The individual is shaped by social and familiar
factors. All activities that persons did are guided by a person’s fundamental attitude toward life.
Adler in Ryckman, 1985: 95 believes that there are three stages for a man in thinking his final goal that is to be aggressive, to be powerful and to be
superior. Adler also states “the final goal of struggle is to be aggressive and all of powerful to dominates others. Individuals formulated this goal of
superiority by two ways that is constructive and destructive way. The constructive way will cause people to relate to others with co – operation and
good will. The destructive way will cause individual to attempt to dominate and exploit others Adler in Ryckman, 1985: 95.
B. Basic Principles of Individual Psychology
On study this novel; the researcher uses an Individual Psychological Approach, which has six basic principles. According to Adler in Hall and
Lindzey, 1985: 160 there are 1 Fictional Finalism 2 Inferiority Feeling and Compensation 3 Striving for Superiority 4 Social Interest 5 Style of Life
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