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However, some steps were excluded by considering its function. The steps were organizing subject content and giving support service. The reason of
the writer in choosing Kemp’s instructional design model was that it is flexible process which lets the writer to reorder the steps.
The steps chosen were suitable to design speaking material. The goal of the material was to help the learners to speak in foreign language which would be
applied through the topics. Analyzing learners’ characteristics was important to make the materials suitable to the learners’ ability. Defining learning objectives
was aimed to define appropriate and meaningful activities for the learners. The learning objectives were defined as indicators. The subject content was organized
of which the purpose was to achieve the learning goal. It was continued by selecting learning activities which enabled the learners to produce the material
that they had learned. Evaluation was needed to measure the learning outcomes.
2. Speaking
The function of language was for communication Rivers, 1983: 77. Therefore people should be able to speak in order to be able to communicate in
the society. Speaking would also show people’s self-image or self-concept Koch, 1995. People would know others’ characteristics through the way of speaking.
These were explanation on the nature of speaking and the skill of speaking.
a. The Nature of Speaking
Speaking was contradictive with writing although both of them were productive skills Hughes, 2002, it was explained that speaking was context
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dependent, unplanned, transient, oral and dynamic. Hughes said that speaking was “…spontaneous, face-to-face, informal conversation” Hughes, 2002: 13. It
showed that speaking was unplanned and depended on its context. The topic of speaking depended on where it took place, so it was also dynamic because it was
changeable based on the context. Since people would produce different sentence everyday based on some factors, such as topic, speaker, place, time and so on, it
was also unplanned. In social life, speaking was also dynamic when people made new words or jargons which were only understood by certain people in certain
society.
b. Speaking Skill
Speaking was the ability to produce words from the tongue which had aim to communicate. Since people were a baby, they had realized of the
importance of language development. People learned to speak because of the needs of communication and they needed it to express themselves. They believed
that their ability to communicate well related with their self-image Koch, 1995. Koch stated that there were certain feelings based on how the way people
speak. The way people speak would show their feeling whether they were confidence, personable, creative, talkative, smart and other feelings. The way
people speak would affect their self-images. If one could speak fluently, it showed that he was confidence or creative. Therefore, learning how to speak fluently was
important, especially learning to speak in foreign language Koch, 1995: 3. Rivers supported Koch’s explanations and explained that the way to learn
to speak was to have communication drill. It had various kind of drilling for some
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levels. In the first level, repetition was suitable activity. It suited for the young learners or beginners’ condition because they disposed to imitate what the
teachers says. Giving clues and letting learners to explain was good for higher level. Simultaneous speaking practice was suitable communication drill for
advance level 1983: 44.
3. Communicative Language Teaching
