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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer will discuss about the theories related to the research. It will be divided in two parts, namely theoretical description which
explains about all relevant theories to the research and theoretical framework which contains summary of all major relevant theories to answer the research
problem.
A. Theoretical Description
There were many theories used for the research, and then it would be divided in some subparts to make it more manageable.
1. Design
To design the material, Kemp’s instructional design was used and there were eight steps in designing material Kemp, 1977.
a. Setting The Goals, Topics and General Purpose
This step is the starting points to design the material. The goal is made based on certain condition in a society. It is reflected into certain topics which
would be used to achieve the purpose of learning.
b. Analyzing The Learners’ Characteristics
This step covers learners’ capabilities, needs, interest as well as theirs academic and social factor. Academic factors dealt with learners’ academic
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background, learners’ level beginner, medium, advance, learners’ motivation and their willingness to learn. Learners’ age, maturity, physicals and emotional
conditions are included in social factors.
c. Defining Learning Objectives
Defining learning objectives used cognitive, psychomotor and affective. Cognitive deals with knowledge and thinking, while psychomotor relates with
physical activities and affective concerns with attitudes, appreciations, values and emotions.
d. Organizing The Subject Content
The researcher began to select and organize specific knowledge by considering the objective of the material. The subject content is organized by
considering the first step, the goal, topic and general purpose.
e. Conducting Pre-assessment
The aim of this step is to know whether the learners already had the appropriate background of the material or not, and to examine the objectives
which had been achieved by the learners. A test was used in this step of which the aim was to measure learners’ ability in understanding the material.
f. Selecting Teaching Learning Activities and Resources
Selecting the learning activities with the best method is aimed to provide learning experience for the learners. The activities should be made based on the
approach which was underlying the material. The activities which are made should meet the objectives, so that the learners can achieve the purpose of the
learning after they completing the course.
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g. Giving Support Services
