also believed that literature is an effort to show the meaning of life, while literary review is the effort to make the literary work understood.
Schooles in his book Structural Fabulation as cited in Dari Peristiwa ke Imajinasi: Wajah Sastra dan Budaya 1983: 3 states that it is impossible to see
reality without individual interpretation which may connect with imagination. Similarly it is impossible to have an imagination without any knowledge about
reality. Therefore, imagination is always attached to reality and reality cannot be separated from imagination.
It is undisputable that in producing a work, the author gives a big portion of influence. The story plays a role as the author’s media to share and express his
or her messages, minds, feelings, and also imagination. According to Van De Laar and Woerd novels or other literary works, whether directly or indirectly, are the
portrayal of the author’s experience of life. Directly or indirectly, conscious or unconscious, every novelist necessarily
presents in his novel a certain way of life and some of the problems of life. He represents incidents, characters, motives and etc. in such a way to
reveal more or less directly and clearly the way in which he looks upon the problems of life 1969: 174.
According to Wellek and Warren 1956: 75-78, the author is definitely important since he is the creator of literary works. There is a close relation
between the author and his or her works that cannot be separated. There is a close relationship between the work of art and the life of the
author, but the work of art is not mere copy of life. A work of art may be only a place to hide his or her weakness and so that in writing a literary
work the author depends on his or her mood.
Rohrberger and Woods in their book Reading and Writing about Literature, also say that there is an indirect relationship and similarity between the
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work and the author. An author’s work, including characters, perhaps is “a kind of mask which is surely based on the author’s experience of life” 1971: 8.
d. Theory on the Relation between Psychology and Literature
Literature and Psychology are two subjects that can be a media to explore human’s life. Bornstein 1984:144 in the book Psychology and its Allied
Disciplines Humanities volume I states that literature is best at describing the human condition in dramatic form, while psychology has the strength to
investigate human’s character or behavior in systematic ways. The statement means that literature depicts human condition in dramatic way while psychology
studies human characteristics systematically. Both subjects have one common purpose that is to depict human condition.
According to Jung psychology as a study of process of the mind, can be brought to bear the study of literature in which the human mind is the center of all
arts and sciences. Therefore, the study of the mind should be able to explain the psychological structure of work of art and to reveal the factors that make a person
artistically creative Jung, 1966: 86. On the other hand, Kalish 1973: 8 in his book The Psychology of Human
Behaviour states that literature “holds the mirror up to the man.” A good writer or novelist can communicate the feelings of their character and make them seem
more life-like than the real people whose behavior are tried to be described by the psychologist. The writers can use the understanding provided by psychologist to
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enrich the stories, and psychologist can gain their understanding of human behaviour by drawing the deep sensitivity of good authors.
Moreover, Freud said as in Bressler 1999: 153 that any unresolved conflicts given rise to any neurosis are the stuff of literature. A work of literature,
he believes, is the external expression of the author’s unconscious mind. Accordingly, the literary work must be treated like a dream, applying
psychoanalytic techniques to the text to uncover the author’s hidden motivations or repressed desires.
Wellek and Warren 1956: 91 also discuss that characters in plays and novels are judged to be “psychologically” true. Sometimes, a psychological
theory, held either consciously or dimly by an author, seems to fit a figure or situation. Psychological truth is naturalistic standard without universal validity. In
some cases, psychological insight seems to enhance artistic values.
2. Theories on Psychology a. Theory on Psychoanalysis, Pleasure Principle, and Reality Principle
Psychoanalysis is a type of psychotherapy developed by Freud, in which the chief tools are free association, study of dreams and slips of the tongue, and
transference. Psychoanalysis attempts to give the patient insight into his unconscious conflicts, which he can then control as they come into their
awareness as taken from Kagan’s book Psychology: An Introduction 1972: 595
Psychoanalysis is based on the theories of Sigmund Freud. According to Freud as taken from Understanding Psychology Kasschau, 1995: 397-398,
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