plot, or dynamic, influenced by actions and experiences and used to reveal the consequences of his or her actions Holman and Harmon, 1986: 24.
Characterization is the way in which the author reveals or creates the characters in hisher work, making them ‘alive’ for the reader Holman and
Harmon, 1986: 81. In his book Holman and Harmon 1986:81 state that there are three fundamental methods of characterization in fiction. First, the explicit
presentation by the author, second, the character’s own presentation in action without any comment from the author, and the last one is the representation from
within a character of the impact of certain events towards the character’s inner self, also without any interference from the author.
Meanwhile M.J. Murphy 1972: 161-173 in Understanding Unseens An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students
explained that there are nine ways of how an author makes his character understandable for the reader. Sometimes the steps are not all used by authors to
show their characters’ characteristics, however some of them must exist. a.
Personal Description The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes in details so that
the readers will be able to figure the personality of the character based on his or her appearance.
b. Character as seen by another
Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another character in the novel.
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c. Speech
The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the characters in the book through what that person says.
d. Past Life
By allowing the reader learn something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character.
This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others
The author can also give us clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him.
f. Reactions
The author can give us a clue in a person’s character by allowing us to know how that person reacts to various situation and events.
g. Direct comment
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly through the narration especially in third-person narrator.
h. Thoughts
The author can give us direct knowledge of what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking from the omniscient narrator.
i. Mannerisms
The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits of idiosyncrasies that may also tell us something about his character.
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b. Theories on Conflict
Beaty and Hunter 1986: 998 in their book New World of Literature, says that most people try hard to avoid conflict. People choose to live in peace.
Nevertheless, no one can escape conflicts for long, even without wars or a large- scale disagreement. Dealing with their statement, we know then that conflicts
exist in our lives. In literary work, characters sometimes develop with the interference of
some conflicts that appear in the story. Conflict in literature means a struggle between opposing forces. The protagonist engages in the conflict with the
antagonist, which may take the form of a character, society, nature, or an aspect of the protagonist’s personality http:www.bedfordstmartins.comliterature
bedlitglossary_ a.htmtop. While according to Dowling, there are two main kinds of conflict, external
and internal conflicts. External conflict is a struggle between a character and an outside force. Characters may face several types of outside forces. The outside
force may be another character man against man. It may be the character and the community. The outside force may also be force of nature man against nature
http:www.dowlingcentral.comMrsDarealiteratureTermconflict .html. In comparison, a struggle that takes place in the character’s mind is called
internal conflict. For example, a character may have to decide between right and wrong or between two solutions to a problem. Sometimes, a character must deal
with his or her mixed feelings or emotions man against self http:www.dowlingcentral.comMrsDarealiteratureTermsconflict.html.
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Henceforth Perrine 1974: 44 states that conflict itself is a clash of action, ideas, desires, or will between two individuals, or among people in the story.
Similarly, Stanton 1965: 16 explains that internal conflict is conflict between two desires within a character or between a character and his or her environment.
External conflict means conflict coming from outside the characters such as people or other characters and society.
Redman 1964: 363 asserts that a conflict is the struggle between two opposing forces, ideas, or belief. According to him, there are two kinds of
conflict. They are inner or internal conflict meaning a struggle within the heart and mind of the protagonist, while the other is external conflict meaning a
struggle between the protagonist and an outside force. Since this research is going to use psychoanalysis study in its approach,
the writer includes the definition of conflict seen from psychology. According to Kagan and Havemann in their book Psychology: An Introduction 1972: 373, a
conflict is the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives, resulting in unpleasant emotions. The person in conflict experiences uncertainty,
hesitation, and the feeling of being “tron” and distressed –elements that are an integral parts of conflict that make conflicts such an unpleasant part of life and a
potential threat to normal behaviour. In this book, Kagan and Havemann divide conflicts into two general
classes. One class includes conflicts between motives and standards, or conflict with internal standard; the other includes conflicts over incompatible goals or
called conflicts over external goals.
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