Henceforth Perrine 1974: 44 states that conflict itself is a clash of action, ideas, desires, or will between two individuals, or among people in the story.
Similarly, Stanton 1965: 16 explains that internal conflict is conflict between two desires within a character or between a character and his or her environment.
External conflict means conflict coming from outside the characters such as people or other characters and society.
Redman 1964: 363 asserts that a conflict is the struggle between two opposing forces, ideas, or belief. According to him, there are two kinds of
conflict. They are inner or internal conflict meaning a struggle within the heart and mind of the protagonist, while the other is external conflict meaning a
struggle between the protagonist and an outside force. Since this research is going to use psychoanalysis study in its approach,
the writer includes the definition of conflict seen from psychology. According to Kagan and Havemann in their book Psychology: An Introduction 1972: 373, a
conflict is the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives, resulting in unpleasant emotions. The person in conflict experiences uncertainty,
hesitation, and the feeling of being “tron” and distressed –elements that are an integral parts of conflict that make conflicts such an unpleasant part of life and a
potential threat to normal behaviour. In this book, Kagan and Havemann divide conflicts into two general
classes. One class includes conflicts between motives and standards, or conflict with internal standard; the other includes conflicts over incompatible goals or
called conflicts over external goals.
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Conflicts with internal standards is when a motive urges us toward behaviour that is incompatible with our standards, we have a conflict that often
results in intense anxiety. On the other hand, conflicts over external goals occur when two motives for different and incompatible external goals are aroused at the
same time. Life is full of conflicts over pairs of goals that cannot both be attained. Almost similar to Kagan and Havemann, Atkinson, et al. stated that a
major source of frustration is conflict between two opposing motives. When two motives are conflicting, the satisfaction of one leads to the frustration of the other.
Even when only one motive is involved, conflict may arise if the goal can be approached in several different ways 1981:10.
Sometimes conflict arises between a motive and a person’s internal standards rather than between two external goals. An individual’s sexual desires
may conflict with his or her standards of acceptable social behavior. Achievement motives may conflict with individual standards of helpful and cooperative
behavior. Conflicts between motives and internal standards often can be more difficult to resolve than conflicts between external goals. Most conflicts involve
goals that are simultaneously desirable and undesirable-both positive and negative Kagan, 1981:10.
There are two kinds of conflicts, approach avoidance conflict which indicates that the two motives operate somewhat differently and avoidance-
avoidance conflict which means having to choose two negatives alternatives Kagan, 1981:10.
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c. Theories on the Relation between Literary Work and Its Author
Wordsworth believes that people’s psychological structure is paralleled in the workings of the universe as a whole. He believes that literary works, such as
poems could tell the truth. Similar to what Pope said that “in every work regards the writer’s end, since none can compass more than they intend” Daiches 1981:
261 Northrop Frye as cited in Reichert 1977: x said that forms of literature
are the forms of life. People make sense of character, a dialogue, a plot, as they make sense of each other and their life, and experiences take the shape of
literature and make it meaningful. To read or interpret or assess a work of literature is to read or interpret or
assess it as something as an expression of thought or feeling, as a complicated statement about life, as a subtly persuasive of rhetoric
Reichert, 1977: 134
Longinus in Daiches 1981:47 says that the true nature of literature is defined by a discussion of its greatness and the definition in moral and intellectual
qualities of the author. In other words, to produce the greatness effect to readers the author must possess certain qualities as a man as well as certain skills as a
writer. As a man he must have impressiveness of thought and emotion. Junus 1983: ix in his book Dari Peristiwa ke Imajinasi: Wajah Sastra
dan Budaya Indonesia states that literature is the product of a hard and intense experience toward reality. In the high level of consciousness a work of art is a
result of a dialogue between the artist and its surrounding reality. While in the lower level of consciousness, a work of art is the reflection of the reality itself. He
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also believed that literature is an effort to show the meaning of life, while literary review is the effort to make the literary work understood.
Schooles in his book Structural Fabulation as cited in Dari Peristiwa ke Imajinasi: Wajah Sastra dan Budaya 1983: 3 states that it is impossible to see
reality without individual interpretation which may connect with imagination. Similarly it is impossible to have an imagination without any knowledge about
reality. Therefore, imagination is always attached to reality and reality cannot be separated from imagination.
It is undisputable that in producing a work, the author gives a big portion of influence. The story plays a role as the author’s media to share and express his
or her messages, minds, feelings, and also imagination. According to Van De Laar and Woerd novels or other literary works, whether directly or indirectly, are the
portrayal of the author’s experience of life. Directly or indirectly, conscious or unconscious, every novelist necessarily
presents in his novel a certain way of life and some of the problems of life. He represents incidents, characters, motives and etc. in such a way to
reveal more or less directly and clearly the way in which he looks upon the problems of life 1969: 174.
According to Wellek and Warren 1956: 75-78, the author is definitely important since he is the creator of literary works. There is a close relation
between the author and his or her works that cannot be separated. There is a close relationship between the work of art and the life of the
author, but the work of art is not mere copy of life. A work of art may be only a place to hide his or her weakness and so that in writing a literary
work the author depends on his or her mood.
Rohrberger and Woods in their book Reading and Writing about Literature, also say that there is an indirect relationship and similarity between the
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