Object of the Study

1890 in beautiful places in London, such as Basil Hallward’s studio and the opium dens of East End.

B. Approach of the Study

To answer the problem formulation in this study, the writer applies psychological approach. This thesis deals with characters, author and his state of mind, therefore psychological approach is appropriate since character is one of the subjects of Psychology. It involves patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Therefore, this criticism is the most suitable to be used in this thesis since the analysis concerns about the pleasure and reality principles seen in the characters and the story of the novel. The basis of psychological approach is the idea of the existence of human unconscious impulses, desires, and feelings about which a person is unaware but influencing emotions and behavior. Critics use this approach to explore the motivations of characters and the symbolic meanings of events in literary works. It is also used to describe and analyze the reader’s personal responses to a text http:www.bedfordmartins.comliteratureglossary_htmtop. According to Rohrberger and Woods 1971: 13, psychological approach is an approach to literature which “involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns” and which refers to different body of knowledge that is Psychology. In applying this approach, psychological theories are generally used as interpretive tools, similar to what Lewis Leary 1976: 57 said in his book American Literature: A Study and Research Guide that: 29 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI A psychological approach is an approach that applies principles of modern psychology to characters or situations within literary work or to the person who wrote the work. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theories as cited in Kennedy 1999: 1947 have changed our understanding about human behavior by exploring human’s thoughts such as wish fulfillment, sexuality, the unconscious and repression. According to him language in literature is able to reflect unconscious fears and desires. He admitted himself had learned psychology mostly from studying literature. He believed that author of literary work “had such profound insight into human nature that his characters display the depth and complexity of real people. Unresolved conflicts that give rise to any neurosis are the stuff literature. A work of literature, he believes, is the external expression of the author’s unconscious mind. According to Freud, literary work must be treated like a dream, applying psychoanalytic techniques to the text to uncover the author’s hidden motivations and repressed desires Bressler, 1999: 153. According to Freud, as taken from Bressler 1999: 159, an author’s chief motivation for writing any story is to gratify some secret desire, some forbidden wish that probably developed during the author’s infancy and was immediately suppressed and dumped in the unconscious. The outward manifestation of the suppressed wish becomes the literary work itself. Freud declares that the literary work is therefore the author’s dream or fantasy. Psychoanalytic criticism focused mainly on the author. Known as psychobiography, this method of analysis begins by amassing biographical data of an author through biographies, personal letters, lectures, and any other document deemed related in some way to the author. Psychoanalytic critics believed they could theoretically construct the author’s 30 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI