enrich the stories, and psychologist can gain their understanding of human behaviour by drawing the deep sensitivity of good authors.
Moreover, Freud said as in Bressler 1999: 153 that any unresolved conflicts given rise to any neurosis are the stuff of literature. A work of literature,
he believes, is the external expression of the author’s unconscious mind. Accordingly, the literary work must be treated like a dream, applying
psychoanalytic techniques to the text to uncover the author’s hidden motivations or repressed desires.
Wellek and Warren 1956: 91 also discuss that characters in plays and novels are judged to be “psychologically” true. Sometimes, a psychological
theory, held either consciously or dimly by an author, seems to fit a figure or situation. Psychological truth is naturalistic standard without universal validity. In
some cases, psychological insight seems to enhance artistic values.
2. Theories on Psychology a. Theory on Psychoanalysis, Pleasure Principle, and Reality Principle
Psychoanalysis is a type of psychotherapy developed by Freud, in which the chief tools are free association, study of dreams and slips of the tongue, and
transference. Psychoanalysis attempts to give the patient insight into his unconscious conflicts, which he can then control as they come into their
awareness as taken from Kagan’s book Psychology: An Introduction 1972: 595
Psychoanalysis is based on the theories of Sigmund Freud. According to Freud as taken from Understanding Psychology Kasschau, 1995: 397-398,
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psychological disturbances are due to anxiety about hidden conflicts between the unconscious components of one’s personality. These theories suggest that
psychoanalyst should be aware of the unconscious impulses, desires, and fears that are causing anxiety. Psychoanalysts believe that if the patients can understand
their unconscious motives, they have taken the first step toward gaining control over their behavior and freeing themselves of their problems.
According to Freud, unconscious impulses find expression in dreams, slips of speech, mannerism, and symptoms of mental illness as well as through such
socially approved behavior as artistic literary activity. Freud believed that all of our actions have a cause but that the cause are some unconscious motives rather
than the rational reason we may give for our behavior. We are driven by the same basic instincts as animals primarily sex and aggression and are continually
struggling against society that stresses the control of these impulses. Because Freud believed that aggression was a basic instinct, he was pessimistic about the
possibility of people ever living together peacefully Kasschau, 1995: 397-398. Psychoanalytic theories explore the private personality-the unconscious
motives that direct behavior. Psychoanalytic theory is also concerned with the way in which personality develops. Freud compared the human mind to an
iceberg. The small part that shows above the surface of the water represents conscious experience; the much larger mass below water level represents the
unconscious-a storehouse of impulses, passions, and inaccessible memories that affect our thoughts and behavior. Using the technique of free association, which
requires the patient to talk about everything that comes into his or her
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