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large social structure that serves as a framework for socioeconomic and cultural life. People learn about norms, social rules, values around their societies.
Therefore, a society affects the development process of a person. The fifth factor is culture. Culture refers to the total patterns of people’s
way of life seen in terms of artifacts and achievements distinguishing large but similar societies. It consists of the technology and civilization, law and morality,
religion, politics, arts, and history. Culture maintains from generation to generation. During their lives, people tend to live according to the culture where
they live and grow. Directly or indirectly, cultural traits, norms, and expectations influence everyday living.
In the analysis of Betrayal in chapter 4 later, point 1 environment, 2 family, and 3 society will be helpful as the influences in developmental process
of the characters. It is aimed in helping to answer the first and second questions which are stated in the problem formulation. As we know, people live around
their environment, family, and society. Then, they can not be separated from culture they hold on, believe, and have in their lives. During their lives, these
factors may influence the developmental process that makes them change for better or for worse.
2. 2. 3 Theory of Sexual Deviation
Since my study deals with sexual deviation, it is important to have some theories which support my study. Therefore, the theories of sexual deviation by
Rosen, Fox, and Gregory and Baron give us better understanding about sexual deviation.
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Rosen, Fox, and Gregory 274 define sexual deviation as a failure of development associated with anxiety and conflict, culminating in a persistent or
frequent for, and does not terminate in, genital coitus with an adult of the opposite sex. From psychological point of view, sexual deviation is also termed as
perversion or paraphilia. Paraphilias come from the Greek para, which means”amiss” and philia
which means “love”, it may be said to exist only when unusual images, acts, or objects are required for sexual arousal and fulfillment Baron 567. He also stated
that paraphilias is a sexual disorder involving choices of inappropriate sexual objects, such as young children, or the ability to experience arousal except in the
presence of specific objects or fantasies. Three points should be noted about the concept of sexual deviation Rosen
et al. 274. First, a sexual deviation is relative to the culture. For example, in Ancient Greece, homosexuality was not considered a deviation. Second, although
most deviations are offenses, a large number of offenses are not deviation, for example, extramarital intercourse or non genital heterosexual foreplay. Third, an
important component of the concept of deviation is its stress on persistence in habit patterns.
Rosen et al. 276-290 also define that there are some major varieties of sexual deviation. Those are deviations in the mode of sexual behavior, deviations
in the sexual object, and the deviations in the social and physical context. The first category is deviations in the mode of sexual behavior. Sexual
behaviors which are included in this category are masturbation, oro-genital and
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ano-genital activities, voyeurism, exhibitionism, transvestism, sadism, and masochism. The second category is deviations of the sexual object. Sexual
deviations which are included in this category are homosexuality, fetishism, zoophilia, and incest.
The third category is deviations in the social and physical context. Sexual behavior which is included in this category is pornography.
In this study, incest, one of sexual deviations, becomes the main factor which influences Nicolette’s personality development. Hopefully, the theories of
incest in the following part will help the readers understand this study.
2.2.3.1 Theory of Incest
Since incest is considered as a subtype of pedophilia and included as a sexual deviation, it is important to get better understanding about incest. The
theory of incest itself will help me in analyzing the novel. According to Rosen et al. 288-289, incest is sexual activity between
persons whose blood relationship is closer than is sanctioned by the culture. Some societies permit marriage between cousins, or between uncles and nieces or aunts
and nephew, and some prohibit the marriage of persons of any degree of blood relationship, no matter how distant.
Some other definitions of incest are: 1. According to Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press, incest is defined
as sexual relations between persons to whom marriage is prohibited by
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custom or law because of their close kinship. http:www.answer.com topicincest; accessed on February 23, 2007
2. According to psychoanalysis, incest refers to sexual relations between close relatives. http:www.answer.comtopicincest; accessed on
February 23, 2007 3. According to science, incest refers to sexual relations between relatives
who are forbidden by law to marry, for example, between father and daughter or mother and son. http: www.answer.com topic incest;
accessed on February 23, 2007 Biologically, there is a theory that the observance of the taboo would
lower the incidence of congenital birth defects caused by inbreeding. Inbreeding leads to an increase in homozygosity, that is thae same allele at
the same locus on both members of a chromosome pair. This occurs because close relatives are much more likely to share the same alleles that
happen to be deleterious, which are harmless and inactive in a heterozygous pairing, but when homozygous can cause serious
developmental defects. Such offspring have a much higher chance of death before reaching the age of reproduction, leading to what biologists call
inbreeding depression, measurable decrease in fitness due to inbreeding among populations with deleterious recessives Leavitt 974.
Those definitions of incest will be useful to get knowledge that incest is a
sexual activity of two persons who are so closely related. It is forbidden and avoided by most countries in the world. However, incest is considered as a crime
and it is one of sexual deviation. Therefore, it is useful to help in answering the second question of the problem formulation which will be analyzed in chapter 4
later.
2.2.3.2 The Incest Taboo
Incest, which is sexual relationship between close relatives, is considered as taboo in many countries in the world. Some countries consider incest as a
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crime. It is forbidden by law and by culture. Therefore, its prohibition varies around the world.
The Freudian theory of psychosexual development states that a violation of the incest taboo may take three forms. The first one is intrafamilial incest,
including both Oedipal and non-Oedipal relationship, which are father-daughter, mother-son, brother-sister, and so forth. Second, incest is a secondary aspect of an
indiscriminate promiscuity that involves various sexual objects, blood relatives and non-relatives. The third one is incest as a secondary aspect of pedophilia. It
usually involves father and daughter. Rosen et al. 288 Incest is also forbidden by religion. The Bible mentions prohibitions
against relations between various pairs of family members. It proves incest is taboo for Catholics. The theory will be helpful to analyze the sexual deviation of
Montgomery, whereas it should not be done because Montgomery is a Catholic. Therefore, Montgomery’s act of molesting his daughter and having sexual
relationship with his sister are considered as sexual deviation that can influence the development of Nicolette’s personality.
The Bible, primarily in Leviticus 18.1-18, contains prohibitions against sexual relations between various pairs of family members. Father and
daughter, mother and son, and other pairs are forbidden on pain of death to engage in sexual relations Fatherdaughter incest is covered by a
prohibition on sexual relationship between a man and any daughter born to any woman he has had sexual relationship with, thereby prohibiting not
only incest between father and any possible daughter, but many women where it would be impossible for the daughter to be the man’s. It prohibits
sexual relations between aunts and nephews but not between uncles and nieces.
http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiincest-taboo; accessed on April 18, 2007 Besides Catholic, Muslim Religion also considers incest is prohibited and
must be avoided. This shows us that incest is a taboo for almost religions. Therefore, incest should be avoided by all people in the world.
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The Qur’an in the surat An-Nisa 23-24, prohibits sexual relationship with the following closely related women: mother, daughter, sister, mother’s
sister, father’s sister, brother’s daughter, and sister’s daughter. Breastfeed mother and breastfeed sister are also prohibited. Several women who are
related through sexual relationship and in certain situations are also prohibited.
http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiincest-taboo; accessed on April 18, 2007
2. 2 Criticism
