3. The Influences in Development Process

17 2. 2.2. 3. The Influences in Development Process Pikunas 58-73 states that there are five factors that influence the development process. Those factors are environment, family, peers as models, society, and culture. The first factor is environment. The environment is the place in which a person lives, both physically and socially. The environment influences the development process of a person. During hisher life, a person lives, interacts, or depends on their environment. Therefore, the environment, which consists of physical and social factors can continually affect in shaping their traits, features, or personalities. Location, climate, size, and convenience of the home can be some examples of physical factors. The second factor is family. The family is an enduring social group based on marriage and blood relationship. The family’s orientation and atmosphere grow out of commitments of husband and wife to each other and their children. The family takes important role on the person lives around the family which affect himher in shaping and developing traits, features, or personalities. The third factor is peers as models. Most people enjoy associating with those who are similar in age, maturity, and status. Peers affect the development process of people from middle childhood to the years of late adulthood. It is because peers usually modify the child’s thoughts, feelings, and aspirations as he learns to give and take. The fourth factor is society. In this life people live, interact, communicate, and share opinion, cultures, or ideas with their societies. The community is the 18 large social structure that serves as a framework for socioeconomic and cultural life. People learn about norms, social rules, values around their societies. Therefore, a society affects the development process of a person. The fifth factor is culture. Culture refers to the total patterns of people’s way of life seen in terms of artifacts and achievements distinguishing large but similar societies. It consists of the technology and civilization, law and morality, religion, politics, arts, and history. Culture maintains from generation to generation. During their lives, people tend to live according to the culture where they live and grow. Directly or indirectly, cultural traits, norms, and expectations influence everyday living. In the analysis of Betrayal in chapter 4 later, point 1 environment, 2 family, and 3 society will be helpful as the influences in developmental process of the characters. It is aimed in helping to answer the first and second questions which are stated in the problem formulation. As we know, people live around their environment, family, and society. Then, they can not be separated from culture they hold on, believe, and have in their lives. During their lives, these factors may influence the developmental process that makes them change for better or for worse. 2. 2. 3 Theory of Sexual Deviation