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literary work without concerning reference from outside literary work itself. The second approach is the biographical approach. In the biographical approach, the
biography of the author is the basic unit in understanding a literary work. The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach. In this approach, the
readers analyze the literary work based on the civilization that produces the literary work. The fourth approach is the mythopoeic approach. This is used to
discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought which share the same universal belief to certain community mind. The last approach is the
psychological approach. In this approach, the reader analyzes the literary work from the psychological point of view of human being.
I decide to use the psychological approach to analyze this novel in accordance with the matter of this thesis. In this approach, I analyze the literary
work from the psychological point of view of human being. Rohrberger and Woods 14 state that the psychological approach uses the theory of human
psychology as the reference to understand the character in the story. This approach also insists that each character’s behaviors could be referred to the
psychology of human being. Through this approach, the character’s thought and behavior can be analyzed. I also choose the psychological approach since this
study focuses on the character’s personality development.
2. 1. 2 Theory of Character
A character plays an important role in a story. It makes the story vivid and interesting. A character helps us to understand the content of the story through his
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her dialogue and activity. The following theories will be helpful in getting better understanding about the characters in the novel and in analyzing whether the
character is static or dynamic. Abrams 65 defines a character as the person, in a dramatic narrative
work, endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say, i.e., the dialogue and what they do the action.
A character, according to Perrine 71, can be classified into two categories that are static character and dynamic character. Static character is a
character that does not undergo any changes in his her outlook personalities during the course of story as at the beginning. This character is described without
many details and he she is not changed by the circumstances. On the other hand, dynamic character is a character who undergoes many changes in some aspects of
their characters, personalities, ways of thinking, or outlook from the beginning until the end of the story.
Furthermore, Perrine 71 also states that in order to be more convincing, the changes in a character need to meet three conditions. Those conditions are
first, it must be within the possibilities of the character that makes it; second, it must be motivated by the circumstances in which the character finds him herself;
and third, it must be followed by sufficient time for a change of its importance to take place.
2. 1.3 Theory of Characterization
This study deals with personality development of a character in the novel as it is revealed by the author. Therefore, it is necessary to understand about
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characterization in order to see the author’s ideas about the character. The following theories will be helpful in getting better understanding and in analyzing
the characterization of Nicolette and Montgomery in Gwen Hunter’s Betrayal in chapter four later.
There are some techniques which an author can use to make his characters understandable and come alive for the readers as he expected. According to
Murphy 161-173, there are nine ways of characterization. They are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others,
reaction, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerism. The first way is personal description. Using this method, the author can
describe a person’s appearance in terms of build, face, skin-color, hair, and clothes in order to describe the character. From this personal description, human
character can be portrayed as a hero, soldier, strong, weak, and blind. The second way is character as seen by another. Instead of describing a
character directly, the author can describe the character through the eyes and opinions of another. Therefore, the readers can get a reflected image.
The third way is speech. Using this technique, the author can give the readers an insight into the character as one of the persons in the book through
what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever heshe is in conversation with another, whenever heshe gives an opinion, heshe gives us
some clues of hisher character. The fourth way is past life. The author can give us clues to events that
have helped to shape a person’s character by letting the readers learn something
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about a person’s past life. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of
another person. The fifth way is through the conversation of others. The author can also
give the readers clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him. People talk about other people.
Therefore, the things they say often give us a clue to the character of the person spoken above.
The sixth way is reactions. The author can also give the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations
and events. For example, the readers will know that a person is tough through hisher reaction in facing some problems.
The seventh way is direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. Usually, the author gives his comments through
the narrator’s eyes. The eighth way is thoughts. The author can give the readers knowledge of
what a person is thinking about. In this respect, he is able to do what we can not do in real life. He can tell the reader what different people are thinking. The
readers have a secret listening to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel. The last way is mannerism. The author can describe the person’s
mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may also tell something about his character. For example, the habit of a character who cares to other people who
need hisher help shows that shehe is a kind person.
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From those nine ways, the author usually does not apply only one in describing the story, but he blends up skillfully to bring the reader into the stream
of narrative. Thus, the readers are usually unaware of the skill with which the author is revealing characters and personalities as piece, so that the reader will
tend to think of the author’s creations as real people.
2.2 Review of Related Studies 2.2.1 Personality Development
