38
B. Discussion
This subchapter attempts to ascertain the types of code-mixing created by
Rose and the possible reasons for her code-mixing. This part will be divided into two main areas, namely, the analysis on the typology of code-mixing to address
research problem number 1 and the analysis on the possible reasons for code- mixing to address research problem number 2.
1. Analysis on the Typology of Code-mixing
This part presents the classification of Roses code-mixed utterances which were collected from the observations. According to Muysken 2000, code-mixing
is divided into three types, namely, insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization p. 3. The following parts will discuss each type of code-mixing
found in Roses utterances.
a. Insertion
Following Muyskens account 2000 about the definition of insertion, it can be said that insertion deals with a word or a phrase of a language which is
inserted into the grammatical structure of another language. Since Rose was an English-Indonesian bilingual, the writer divided the analysis into three parts. This
division was made by considering the theory of Myers-Scotton about the Matrix Language ML and Embedded Language EL as reviewed by Namba 2004.
Namba states, The more dominant language is the Matrix Language ML and the other one is the Embedded Language EL. Therefore, the first part of this
section deals with Roses code-mixed utterances with English as the ML and Bahasa Indonesia as the EL, whereas the second part discusses Roses code-mixed
39 utterances with Bahasa Indonesia as the ML and English as the EL. Myers-
Scotton 2006 says that the distinction of ML and EL is proposed by earlier researchers since they recognise the unequal participation of languages in intra-
sentential code-switching, or called code-mixing in this study p. 243. The third part of this section is intended to classify Roses two-word utterances whose ML
and EL could not be identified Nicoladis, 1994, p. 13 due to the theory that in a two-word utterance, each language has the same role Myers-Scotton, 2006.
1 Insertion with English as the Matrix Language
This part presents Roses code-mixed utterances with English as the ML and Bahasa Indonesia is the EL. In other words, this part shows Roses utterances
with Indonesian words inserted into English structure. However, there were some
grammatical errors in Roses utterances. With regard to grammatical errors in children, Hakuta 1974 says that early researchers find that children have an
internally driven search for the structures of language which is potential to lead them to grammatical language errors p. 110. This theory can also be seen from
Roses utterances which were grammatically incorrect see table 4.3 number 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8. The followings are the way the utterances should be, excluding the
Indonesian parts:
Utterance number 2 should be: Mama, water is coming out from... Utterance number 4 should be: ...., Mama goes down.
Utterance number 5 should be: Papa is angry. Mama takes shower... Utterance number 6 should be: Ma, Papa is inside over there ....
Utterance number 8 should be: Mama hates lizard ....
40 For that matter, the writer also analyzed an error in Roses Bahasa
Indonesia, as shown in utterance 15 in table 4.3: Mama, I want tulis-tulis. The Indonesian word tulis-tulis is not common in Bahasa Indonesia because it is not
a standard word. The appropriate word that should be used is menulis which means to write. Therefore, it is incorrect in Indonesian language use. However,
this utterance is classified into insertion with English as the ML because there is an Indonesian word tulis-tulis although it is incorrect in Bahasa Indonesia
which is inserted into an English structure Mama, I want ... The following table 4.3 contains the utterances with English Matrix
Language ML.
Table 4.3 Insertion with English as the Matrix Language No
. Date
Code-mixed Utterances
1. Sept 8, 2012
I want buka. 2.
Mama, water coming out from sini. 3.
Mama pakai sunglasses, please. 4.
Go to Sekolah Minggu. 5.
Sept 13, 2012 Aku stay here, Mama go down. 6.
Sept 15, 2012 Aku sit down over there. 7.
Sept 16, 2012 Ma, Papa inside over there, duduk. 8.
Sept 18, 2012 I use sabun. 9.
Sept 25, 2012 Mama hate lizard. Aku hate lizard too.
10. Papa, I naik train.
11. Oct 29, 2012
I want turun. 12.
I want naik. 13.
I want baju. 14.
I want gendong. 15.
My umbrella ini. 16.
Nov 8, 2012 Mama, I want tulis-tulis.
17. Aku sit down at the back.
18. March 2, 2013
See you besok. 19.
I want ikut Veline. 20.
April 25, 2013 Ini the new one.
21. No, not with Mama, sama Ik Ya.
22. April 26, 2013 The pink one lho
41
No
.
Date Code-mixed Utterances
23. April 27, 2013 Jongkok like this.
24.` April 28, 2013
Ik Ya udah take shower? 25.
I want sama Ik Ya.
The utterances shown in table 4.3 were considered as the case of insertion as they embraced Indonesian words to be inserted into English structure.
Each utterance in the table was made by Rose using English as the main language. To be more apparent, the writer would take utterance number 1 as an example, I
want buka, see table 4.3. In this utterance, the Indonesian word buka, which means to open, was inserted into an English sentence pattern I want ...
Therefore, this utterance was identified as insertion. Another case of this type of insertion is utterance number 3 see table 4.3, Mama, pakai sunglasses, please.
This utterance should be: Mama, wear sunglasses, please. The word pakai was
used to replace the word wear. Thus, this utterance was also considered as insertion with English as the ML.
2 Insertion with Bahasa Indonesia as the Matrix Language
Rose also created insertional utterances with Bahasa Indonesia as the Matrix Language ML. The utterances shown in table 4.4 were made by Rose
using Bahasa Indonesia as the main language, into which she inserted English words.
Table 4.4 Insertion with Bahasa Indonesia as the Matrix Language
No .
Date Code-mixed Utterances
1. Oct 29, 2012
Guk-guk gak mau sit down. 2.
Dec 21, 2012 Aku go up dulu ya.
3. March 2, 2012
Wearing sandal Indonesian pronunciation di mana?
4. Aku suka lion.
42
No
.
Date Code-mixed Utterances
5. March 2, 2012
Aku suka elephant 6.
Aku mau baby. 7.
Aku mau play horse sama Veline. 8.
March 3, 2013 Aku pengen green ya..
9. Aku mau plain water.
10. April 25, 2013
Aku mau ambil elephant-nya. 11.
April 26, 2013 Ini ya scissors-nya.
12. Ini our car ya?
13. Es teh manis where?
14. April 27, 2013
Aku put off first ya.. 15.
Aku mau ribbon. 16.
Mau ke sini car-nya. 17. May 1, 2013
Gak mau go inside.
To ascertain that the utterances above were made by using Bahasa Indonesia as the ML, the writer would discuss some examples. Firstly, utterance
number 2 see table 4.4, Aku go up dulu ya. There was an English verb phrase go up in this utterance which was inserted into the sentence pattern of Bahasa
Indonesia. Hence, this utterance was identified as insertion with Bahasa Indonesia as the ML. Another intriguing example is utterance number 1 in table 4.4, Guk-
guk gak mau sit down. Actually the word guk-guk is not an Indonesian standard word. The word guk-guk is usually used by Indonesian people to refer to a dog,
especially when they talk to young children. Therefore, the utterance Guk-guk gak mau ... was identified as Indonesian structure, into which Rose inserted the
phrasal verb sit down. Thus, this utterance was included in insertion with Bahasa Indonesia as the ML.
3 Two-word Insertional Utterances
In her daily utterances, Rose also made some mixed two-word utterances. According to Nicoladis 1994, p. 13, the ML and EL of this kind of
43 utterance cannot be identified. It is because each language both English and
Bahasa Indonesia has the same role in each utterance. Therefore, in analyzing Roses two-word utterances, the writer could not also decide whether English
words were inserted into Indonesian structure or vice versa. The following table 4.5 presents Roses mixed two-word utterances during the research. Some
utterances contained names, such as Veline, Papa, Mama, and Ik Ya. Names were not counted because they were not affected by the change of language.
Roses two-word utterances are presented in table 4.5 below.
Table 4.5 Roses Two-word Insertional Utterances No
. Date
Code-mixed Utterances
1. Sept 8, 2012
Aku hungry 2.
Sept 14, 2012 Papa, gendong, please.
3. Sept 26, 2012
Satu green, satu blue. 4.
Oct 28, 2012 Aku afraid.
5. March 2, 2013
Ini black. 6.
Veline, mau horse? 7.
March 3, 2013 Mau dress?
8. Ini bread.
9. April 25, 2013
Ini sun. 10.
April 26, 2013 Ini cross.
11. Mama lagi cooking-cooking.
12. April 27, 2013 Cannot ya?
13. April 27, 2013
Kayak friend. 14.
Ada pail, Mama. 15.
Ini cloud. 16.
I bosen. 17. April 30, 2013
Ini carrot.
Most of the utterances in table 4.5 consist of two words. One is English word, the other is Indonesian word. Therefore, they were included in this type of
insertion. As stated previously, each language in this insertion type plays the same role. For example, utterance number 1, Aku hungry consisted of two words. The
44 first word was an Indonesian word aku, the other was an English word hungry.
Since it only consisted of two words, it could not be identified whether the Indonesian word aku was inserted into English structure, or the English word
hungry was inserted into Bahasa Indonesia structure. Another interesting example is utterance number 11 in table 4.5, Mama lagi cooking-cooking.
This utterance consisted of three words, but it was included in two-word insertion
because the word cooking-cooking is not a standard word in English. The writer assumes that Rose might have wanted to say Mama lagi cooking because her
mother was cooking when she created this utterance. Therefore, it is clearly identified as two-word insertion.
b. Alternation
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