18 certain group of age, such as childrens code-mixing. The writer predicts that there
are only some functions which are related to the focus of this study, namely, directive and expressive function. Those two functions are considered to match
with Rose’s code-mixing condition. They will be discussed deeper in chapter 4.
B. Theoretical Framework
The aims of this study are to discover the types of code-mixing created by a bilingual child and the possible reasons that may cause the bilingual child to
produce code-mixing in her utterances. This section will be divided into two parts. Each part provides explanation about the contribution of the theories in solving
the two formulated problems. Firstly, this study focuses on the code-mixing emergence in a bilingual
child’s utterances. In order to understand the concept of code-mixing, the writer refers to the theory of Plaff 1979,
in Romaine’s work 1995, stating that code- mixing refers to both code-switching and lexical borrowing p. 124. To discover
the types of code-mixing created by the child, the writer needs to conduct some observations to note
the child’s code-mixed utterances and an interview to support the data collected from the observations. Afterwards, in order to answer the first
formulated problem, the writer will classify the data collection based on the theory of Muysken 2000 that classifies the types of code-mixing into insertion,
alternation, and congruent lexicalization. The second part deals with the possible reasons that may cause the
bilingual child to produce code-mixing research problem no. 2. According to
19 Appel and Muysken 2005, there are six functions of mixing languages. They are
referential, directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic function pp. 118-120. Appel and Muysken 2005 also assume that these functions are the
reasons that underlie bilingual speakers to produce code-mixing p. 118. The theories of Appel and Muysken 2005 will be supported by the theories of
Hakuta 1986 on bilingualism typology in order to address the research problem no. 2. Hakuta 1986 categorizes bilingualism into two types, namely, compound
and coordinate bilingualism p. 95. The writer proposes that the classification of the functions of mixing languages by Appel and Muysken 2005 and the
classification of the types of bilingualism by Hakuta 1986 can be related to each other in order to discover the possible reasons that cause the production of code-
mixing in the bilingual childs utterances.
20
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents detailed information about the method used to accomplish this study. It covers seven areas, namely, the research method,
research setting, research participants, research instruments, data gathering techniques, data analysis, and research procedure. They will be described in the
following parts.
A. Research Method
In order to address the problems formulated in chapter I, the writer conducted a case study. According to Yin 2009, a case study is an empirical
inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly
evident. Real-life context refers to all the contexts of communication producing utterances to express meaning between the child and other people in her
surroundings. In comparison, Merriam 2002 states that case study is a bounded system. The meaning of bounded system itself is taken by Merriam 2002, p. 178
from Smith 1978, which means a single entity, a unit around which there are boundaries. In other words, a case study is an inquiry which does not offer any
manipulation and is still in the original context of the case when the case is being studied.
