15 AB
…a… …b… …a… …b…
Figure 2.3 Congruent Lexicalization Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing, Musken, 2000, p. 8
In this study, A
represents English.
a shows English words. B
represents Bahasa Indonesia.
b shows words in Bahasa Indonesia
In conclusion, the writer assumes that code-mixing is a case where the elements of two languages are found in a single utterance. Based on the previous
explanation, it can be said that people can mix languages because they are able to use those languages. Thus, code-mixing is closely related to bilingualism.
Furthermore, code-mixing is not only created by adult bilinguals, but also by bilingual children, as examined in this study. Therefore, code-mixing is possible
to be found in the utterances of people both children and adults who acquire at least two languages.
c. The Functions of Code-mixing
Appel and Muysken 2005 claim that there are some functions underlying the act of switching or what is called code-mixing in this study. The
functions will be explained in the following parts.
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1 Referential Function
Appel and Muysken 2005 believe that referential function involves lack of knowledge of one language or lack of facility in that language on a certain
subject p. 118. They also claim that certain subjects might be appropriately discussed in one language. This phenomenon can lead to code-mixing. Appel and
Muysken 2005 also say that this is the type where the bilingual speakers are mostly conscious of. They usually use a different language to address something
they cannot define or translate in one language. Hence, in this type, the bilingual speakers use another language when they think that the subject is better discussed
in the language p. 118.
2 Directive Function
This function is closely related to the hearers, to whom the conversation is addressed or is excluded Appel Muysken, 2005, p. 119. For example, a
group of speakers might change the language they use when there is another speaker who does not understand the language they use. They provide this one
speaker with his or her language in order to get him or her to be involved in the conversation. In contrast, when parents talk about something important, they
sometimes use another language so that their children will not know what they talk about. This is said to exclude a person from the conversation Appel
Muy sken, 2005, p. 119. Therefore, this function emphasizes the speakers’ need to
include or exclude another person from the conversation.
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3 Expressive Function
In this type of function, the speakers have a mixed identity through the use of two languages in the same discourse Appel Muysken, 2005, p. 119. It
usually happens when the speakers, in his or her daily life, are in a community where two languages existence is considered as a normal thing. Hence, not only
some speakers, but also all members of the community use the two languages to communicate.
4 Phatic Function
Appel and Muysken 2005 say that this function is used to indicate a change in tone of the conversation p. 119. The most understandable example is
when a comedian tells a joke in a certain language, he or she might use a vernacular at the end of the joke as the punch line because it is funnier to be said
in the vernacular, although he or she actually is able to define the word in the common language.
5 Metalinguistic Function
Appel and Muysken 2005 say that this function comes to the need of
impressing other speakers that the speaker is able to use two languages. 6 Poetic Function
This function is usually used by poets Appel Muysken, 2005. When making poetry, some poets sometimes mix two or more languages within the
poetry. These functions are general theory on the functions of code-mixing.
Therefore, it would be interesting to discover if those functions could fit to a
18 certain group of age, such as childrens code-mixing. The writer predicts that there
are only some functions which are related to the focus of this study, namely, directive and expressive function. Those two functions are considered to match
with Rose’s code-mixing condition. They will be discussed deeper in chapter 4.
B. Theoretical Framework
