30 of mixing languages that underlie people’s act to mix languages, namely,
referential, directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic function. Both of these theories on types of bilingualism and functions of mixing languages deal
with the way bilinguals think. Therefore, those theories are assumed as the underlying reasons for
people’s mixing. Table 3.8 shows the categorization of functions of mixing.
Table 3.8 Functions of Code-mixing Functions of
Code-mixing Supporting Evidence
Referential Directive
Expressive Phatic
Metalinguistic Poetic
Source: Language Contact and Bilingualism Rene Appel and Pieter Muysken, 2005
G. Research Procedure
In conducting the study, the writer conducted some steps. They were:
1. Selection of the Problem
Merriam 2002 says that a case study should begin with the selection of the problem to study. She also thinks that the problem should be chosen
purposefully. Therefore, the writer began this study by deciding the problem to discuss in this study, which was code-mixing production.
2. Research Problems Formulation
After choosing the problem, the writer examined the problem carefully and decided more specific problems to be addressed in this study. In this step, the
31 writer formulated the research problems. There were two research problems in
this study: 1 what are the types of code-mixing created by the bilingual child? and 2 what are the possible reasons for her code-mixing?
3. Literature Review
In pursuit of answering the research problems, the writer conducted a literature review. The literature review was intended to find theories from experts
to support this study. All the theories used in this study are described more clearly in chapter II.
4. Observations and Interview
The next step was having the observations and interview with Roses parents. In this step, the writer recorded the data in form of observation sheets and
interview sheet.
5. Data Analysis
The data gained from the interview and observations then were classified in order to be matched with the theories found from the literature review. At this
stage of the study, the writer was able to address the research problems see part F for more explanation.
6.
Presentation of the Findings
After the research problems were able to be answered in the previous step, the writer arranged the data analysis in an appropriate way and presented the
findings of the study.
32
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter is intended to describe the research findings and discuss them in order to answer the research problems. It is to discover the types of code-
mixing created by the main participant of the study and the possible reasons for her code-mixing. This chapter consists of three major sections, namely, data
presentation, discussion, and other findings.
A. Data Presentation
In this part, the writer would like to present the findings which were gathered from the observations and the interview. The data presentation will be
divided into two main points, namely, the data collected from observations and the interview results.
1 . Data Collected from Observations
Under this section, the writer presents the data on the code-mixing production obtained from the observations. In order to be able to consider which
utterances were assimilated into code-mixing, the writer refers to Muyskens
theory 2000 to firstly consider the definition of code-mixing. According to Muysken 2000, p. 1, code mixing refers to all cases where lexical items and
grammatica-l features from two languages appear in one sentence. To be more apparent, the writer proposes Plaffs theory 1979 in Romaines work 1995, who
defines ‘mixing’ as a neutral cover term for both code-switching and borrowing.
