Petersburg to aid him in painting Aunt Pollys fence, there is no crime, perfect or otherwise, for crime would imply that were the stark reality of Sawyers actions
and motivations exposed, he would somehow be legally culpable. What Tom is guilty of is a perfect con, one in which pure performance, theatrical and rhetorical,
is made redeemable for commodity, while the duplicitous motives remains obscure, to the benefit of all involved. Seybold 2014 also states that the absence
of conventional currency helps the story maintain its puerile innocence. It can be seen through the whitewashing scene. Tom earned a lot of toys as a payment from
his friends. The preceding studies discuss about The Adventure of Tom Sawyer in
variety of point of views. However, none of them do the study on the influence of friendship to main characters. Therefore, in this thesis, the writer conducted a
study about how the friendship between Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn influences
Tom Sawyer‘s personality development as seen in Mark Twain‘s The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.
2.2. Review of Related Theories
The writer uses some theories in order to answer research questions. Those theories are psychological approach, theory of character, theory of
characterization, theory of needs, theory of friendship, theory of personality development, and theory of persistence and change.
2.2.1. Psychological Approach
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. 1971 explain that there are five approaches concerning the study of literature, which are the formalist approach, the
biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach p. 3-15.
Formalist approach insists on the total integrity of literary piece. Concentrating almost entirely on its esthetic value, this approach concerns with
demonstrating the harmonius involvement of all the parts to the whole and with pointing out how the meaning is derived from structure and how matters of
technique determine the structure. Biographical approach insists that a work of art is a reflection of a personality, that in the esthetic experience the reader shares the
author‘s consciousness, and that at least part of the reader‘s response is to the author‘s personality.
Sociocultural-historical approach insists that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it. Civilization means the
attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these attidues and actions as its subject matter. Mythopoeic approach insists
that those who use this approach seek to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought which they believe find expression in significant works
of art. Psychological approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate recurrent paterns. It draws on a different body of knowledge which concern‘s on
human behavior in any time or place.
Since this study focuses on both Tom and Huckleberrys personal development, the writer uses psychological approach which investigates
behaviour of the characters as a human being. From the psychological point of view, the motifs behind the actions of characters will be proved. It helps the writer
analyzing research questions. Related to the personal development, Freud explains that the human personality develops from infancy though childhood until
adolescence. One of the most powerful of the conflicts arising from the interplay of the parts of the personality occurs early in childhood Rohrberger Woods Jr.,
1971, p. 14. From many related theories about psychological approach, the writer uses
six theories whose concerns are useful to answer research questions in this study. Those six theories are theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of
needs, theory of friendship, theory of personality development, and theory of persistence and change.
2.2.2. Theory of Character
According to Abrams 1985, characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed
with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say - the dialogue and by what they do - the action p. 23.
Abrams 1985 states that a character may remain essentially ―stable‖, or unchanged in outlook and disposition, from beginning until end of a work. It may
also undergo a radical change, either through a gradual process of motivation and development or as the result of a crisis p. 23. In this study, the researcher will
