The period from puberty until middle life is called youth. Young people strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their parents, find a mate,
raise a family, and make a place in the world. According to Jung as cited in Feist and Feist, 2009, p. 122, youth is, or should be, a period of increased activity,
maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era of childhood is gone forever. The major difficulty facing youth is to overcome
the natural tendency found also in middle and later years to cling to the narrow consciousness of childhood, thus avoiding problems pertinent to the present time
of life. This desire to live in the past is called the conservative principle. Jung believes that middle life begins at approximately age 35 or 40. If
middle-aged people retain the social and moral values of their early life, they become rigid and fanatical in trying to hold on their physical attractiveness and
agility. Related to old age phase, Jung as cited in Feist and Feist, 2009, p. 122 states that nobody seems to consider that not being able to grow old is just as
absurd as not being able to outgrow child‘s size shoes. An old man who does not know how to listen to the secrets of the brooks, as they tumble down from the
peaks to the valleys, makes no sense.
2.3. Theoretical Framework
This part explains the contribution of theories in solving research questions; how they are applied in the study. The theories should be synthesized
in order to make them operationally applicable to the research questions. The focus of this thesis is on the influence of friendship to the
main characters‘ personality development. Thus, the writer applies some theories to conduct this
study. This research uses the psychological approach. Theories of character, characterization, needs, friendship, and personality development are used in order
to answer the research questions. In order to answer the first research question about what the characteristics
of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are, the writer applies the theory of character suggested by Abrams 1985, Forster 1974, and Henkle 1977. These
theories defines what kind of character Tom Sawyer is. Furthermore, the writer also uses theory of characterization suggested by Murphy 1972 which shows
how the author conveys to the readers about his characters‘ personality. To analyze the second research question, how the friendship between Tom
Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn influences Tom Sawyer‘s personality development
as seen in Mark Twain‘s The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, the writer applies the theory of needs by McLeod 2016, the theory of friendship by Beebe, et al.
1996, and the theory of personality development by Feist and Feist 2009. These theories shows the connection between Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn
and how Tom Sawyer gains his personality through his friendship with Huckleberry Finn.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
There are two main parts in this chapter. The object of the study deals with the novel that is analyzed in this study. The approach of the study contains the
description of the approach that is used in the analysis.
3.1. Object of the Study
The object of this study is The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, a novel which is written by one of Americas most popular authors, Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
He is best known as Mark Twain, his pen name. This novel was first published in England in June 1876 and sixth month laters in the United States. The writer uses
the edition of the novel which was published by Dell Publishing Co., Inc., New York in 1969. It has 125 pages which are divided into 33 chapters.
The story is about the friendship of two different characters; Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. They live in the same environment, but they grow in
different culture background. Tom Sawyer lives with his aunt, brother, and cousin in a proper house. Huckleberry Finn lives independently, but he still has father
who is nowhere to be found. Tom admires Huckleberry ‘s freedom. Therefore, he
tries to get along with Huckleberry. Later, it finds out that Huckleberry admires Tom‘s well-knowledge mind. As the time goes by, their friendship brings them
into many conflicts and problems. As the time goes by, through the friendship and
conflicts they face, Tom Sawyer gains his personality development as seen in the end of the novel.
3.2. Approach of the Study
The writer used psychological approach which investigated behaviour of the characters as a human being. From the psychological point of view, the motifs
behind the actions of characters would be proved. It helps the writer analyzing research questions.
It helped the writer to analyze and figure out research questions. The psychological approach analyzed the study of friendship through the
characteristics of characters.
