The seventh one is direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a person‘s character directly. The eight one is thought. The author can give
readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect, the author is able to do what readers cannot do in real life. The author can tell readers
what people are thinking. Therefore, the readers will get the clue about a person‘s characteristic directly through his thought. The ninth one is mannerism. The
author can describe a person‘s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may also tell readers something about his character.
2.2.4. Theory of Needs
As what has been stated before, everyone needs someone else in their life. That is one of things that every single human being needs in daily life. In fact,
there are so many needs of people that must be fulfilled to conduct a well-living life. Later, these needs will motivate people to behave.
Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier models of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical
levels within a pyramid. Maslow states that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others as cited in
McLeod, 2007. Citing in McLeod 2007, Maslow mentions that five stages model of
needs consist of physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self
–actualization. One cannot jump to the next level before achieving the preceding level. Once that level is fulfilled, the next level up is what
motivates people, and so on.
Everyone has the capability and the motivation to reach the highest level of these needs. However, the failure and difficulty in life often disrupt their progress
or even force back to the lower level needs . As cited in McLeod‘s article 2007,
Maslow notes only one in a hundred people becomes fully self-actualized because our society rewards motivation primarily based on esteem, love, and other social
needs. Later in 1970, Maslow‘s five-stage model has been expanded to included
cognitive and aesthetic needs, and later transcendence needs. In this eight-stage model, the needs includes biological and psychological needs, safety needs, love
and belongingness needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self- actualization needs, and transcendence needs. The basic needs are the biological
and psychological needs. They include air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. After achieving these needs, people tend to go up to the next level
which is safety needs. Safety needs include protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
The third level is belongingness and love needs. The need of existence in the society includes friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and
giving affection and love, affiliating, and being part of a group family, friends, work. When these needs are achieved, people will seek to fulfil to esteem needs.
These need include self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial, responsibility, etc. After fulfiling the preceding
level, people will go to the next level which is cognitive needs. Cognitive needs include knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning,
and predictability. If those needs are done, people will seek for aesthetic needs. They include appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.
The seventh level of needs is self-actualization needs. They include realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak
experiences. The final level of needs is transcendence needs. The only need in this level is helping others to achieve self-actualization.
2.2.5. Theory of Friendship
McKean 2005 defines a friend as a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection, typically exclusive of sexual or family
relations. Furthermore, McKean 2005 defines friendship as the emotions or conduct of friends; the state of being friends p. 674. Related to friendship,
Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond 1996 explain as below: A friend is someone we like and who likes us. We trust our friends. We
share good and bad times with them. By nature, a friend is someone whom we choose to be with, not someone we associate with because we
have to. Friendships offer emotional supports and even affect our physical health. Friends also enhance our self- esteem.
According to Schutz, there are three primary social needs that make us initiate and sustain friendships with others as cited in Beebe, et al., 1996, p. 413.
The first one is the need for inclusion. Everyone needs some social contact, even for loners. Everyone needs to be included into certain activity with others and also
everyone needs to invite others to join others in certain event. All of human being need human contact and fellowship. The second one is the need for control.
Everyone must learn to control in order to predict how others will respond. Everyone may also have a need to be controlled because one desires some level of
