Since this study focuses on both Tom and Huckleberrys personal development, the writer uses psychological approach which investigates
behaviour of the characters as a human being. From the psychological point of view, the motifs behind the actions of characters will be proved. It helps the writer
analyzing research questions. Related to the personal development, Freud explains that the human personality develops from infancy though childhood until
adolescence. One of the most powerful of the conflicts arising from the interplay of the parts of the personality occurs early in childhood Rohrberger Woods Jr.,
1971, p. 14. From many related theories about psychological approach, the writer uses
six theories whose concerns are useful to answer research questions in this study. Those six theories are theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of
needs, theory of friendship, theory of personality development, and theory of persistence and change.
2.2.2. Theory of Character
According to Abrams 1985, characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed
with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say - the dialogue and by what they do - the action p. 23.
Abrams 1985 states that a character may remain essentially ―stable‖, or unchanged in outlook and disposition, from beginning until end of a work. It may
also undergo a radical change, either through a gradual process of motivation and development or as the result of a crisis p. 23. In this study, the researcher will
only focus on the personality development without focusing on the physical apperance. Therefore,
Abrams‘ statement related about physical stuff can be ignored. Forster 1974 introduces popular terms for this distinction; flat and
round. He explains that flat characters are introduced from the beginning until the end of the story in the constant condition and unchanged environment. They can
be expressed only in one sentence. It makes them easily recognized and remembered by the reader afterwards p. 47.
Contrary to the flat characters, Forster 1974 explains that the round characters are complex in temperament and motivation as cited in Abrams, 1985,
p. 24. Thus, an author will describe the character like real people who can give unpredictable actions.
Furthermore, Henkle 1977 offers another term for the classification of characters. They are major characters, secondary characters, and minor characters.
The major characters get complex problem and more attention given in the book. The major characters in a novel perform a key structural function; upon them we
build expectations and desires, which, in modification shift or establish our values p. 92.
Henkle 1977 states the secondary characters are those who seem to embody the attitudes and way of life that we assume to be average or normal for
people in this society, and whom we cannot say is purely incidental to the unfolding of the story. Such a character may be a friend of the major character in
the novel, or one who comes on scene frequently to comment on events or interact with major characters p. 95. Secondary character also acts as foils to the major
characters. They interact or clash with the major characters in order to bring out into the open crucial elements of the nature or perdicament of those major
characters. The minor characters, being generally less complex, present what is often only one side of the experience p. 97.
2.2.3. Theory of Characterization
McKean 2005 defines characteristic as mark, trait, attribute, feature, quality, property, character, aspect, peculiarity, idiosyncrasy; in character.
Furthermore, he defines characterize as describe the character of and characterization as describe, define, and categorize.
Characters of a story have characteristics in order to expose their identity. Therefore, the author gives characteristic to characters through characterization in
order to show to the readers how his character exactly looks like. This statement is supported by Henkle 1977 who states, ―Characterization, therefore, is central to
the fictional experience‖ p. 86.
Murphy 1972 mentions that characterization is how the author conveys to the reader the characters and personalities of the people he writes about; what sort
of people they are, how he makes the readers get to know and understand them p. 161. Furthermore, Murphy 1972 classifies variety of ways in which an author
attemps to make his character understandable to, and come alive for, his readers p. 161-173.
The first one is personal description. Most of the description is explained using adjective words. Here, the author gives us a picture about the character
mostly from the physical appearance such as the face, skin, eyes, body, skin color,
